Minimal contribution of desmethyl-gefitinib, the major human plasma metabolite of gefitinib, to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated tumour growth inhibition

Abstract

Desmethyl-gefitinib is a major metabolite of gefitinib observed in human plasma at concentrations similar to those of gefitinib. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-related inhibitory effects of gefitinib and desmethyl-gefitinib have been compared both in vitro, using enzyme kinase assays and tumour cell growth inhibition, and in vivo by assessment of tumour xenografts growth inhibition in the mouse. Both gefitinib (IC50 = 0.022 µM) and its desmethyl metabolite (0.036 µM) inhibited subcellular EGFR tyrosine kinase activity with a similar potency and selectivity. However, desmethyl-gefitinib (IC50 = 0.76 µM) was 15 times less active than gefitinib (0.049 µM) against EGF-stimulated KB cell growth in a whole cell assay. Following a preliminary pharmacokinetic study to compare apparent oral bioavailability, gefitinib (75 mg kg−1) and desmethyl-gefitinib (150 mg kg−1) were administered orally for 15 days to female nude mice bearing LoVo tumour xenografts. Tumour concentrations of gefitinib (AUC = 300 µg h g−1) were much higher than those of desmethyl-gefitinib (44.3 µg h g−1), although plasma concentrations of gefitinib (48.4 µg h ml−1) and desmethyl-gefitinib (39.0 µg h ml−1) were quite similar at these dose levels. Gefitinib produced significant tumour growth inhibition throughout the course of the study ultimately resulting in a 50% decrease (compared with controls) by day 15. In contrast, although present at comparable plasma levels, desmethyl-gefitinib had little effect on tumour growth and is, therefore, considered unlikely to contribute significantly to the therapeutic activity of gefitinib in the clinical situation.