Abstract
As the main source of nutrients for the important pollinator honeybee, bee pollen is crucial for the health of the honeybee and the agro-ecosystem. In the present study, a new sample preparation procedure has been developed for the determination of neonicotinoid pesticides in bee pollen. The neonicotinoid pesticides were extracted using miniaturized salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (mini-SALLE), followed by disposable pipette extraction (DPX) for the clean-up of analytes. Effects of DPX parameters on the clean-up performance were systematically investigated, including sorbent types (PSA, C18, and silica gel), mass of sorbent, loading modes, and elution conditions. In addition, the clean-up effect of classical dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) was compared with that of the DPX method. Results indicated that PSA-based DPX showed excellent clean-up ability for the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of neonicotinoid pesticides in bee pollen. The proposed DPX method was fully validated and demonstrated to provide the advantage of simple and rapid clean-up with low consumption of solvent. This is the first report of DPX method applied in bee pollen matrix, and would be valuable for the development of a fast sample preparation method for this challenging and important matrix.
Highlights
As the most important managed pollinator, the honeybee is crucial to the ecosystem, agriculture, and food production
We have proposed a new sample preparation procedure based on salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction [13] and disposable pipette extraction (DPX) clean-up for the determination of neonicotinoid residues in bee pollen
A chromatogram of the cleaned-up solution (Figure 1a) resolution of analytes with negligible interference was achieved (Figure 1c).reduced, These results indicated that the intensity of the matrix interferences was dramatically while indicate a good the excellent of DPX
Summary
As the most important managed pollinator, the honeybee is crucial to the ecosystem, agriculture, and food production. Precipitous loss of the honeybee population has been reported in Europe and North America, which raises the concern of a pollination crisis [1]. Multiple stressors have been considered as potential causes of the honeybee decline, including nutrition, pesticide, parasites, and disease [2]. In addition to nutritional values, phytochemicals in bee pollen were reported to be critical in the up-regulating detoxification and immunity genes of the western honeybee [4]. The security of bee pollen is important for keeping the honeybee healthy. Bee pollen has the potential to be contaminated by pesticides due to the widespread use of chemicals in plant protection
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