Abstract
We report on a miniature fiber-optic multiphoton microscopy (MPM) system based on a frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser. The femtosecond pulses from the laser source are delivered to the miniature fiber-optic probe at 1.58 µm wavelength, where a standard single mode fiber is used for delivery without the need of free-space dispersion compensation components. The beam is frequency-doubled inside the probe by a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 crystal. Frequency-doubled pulses at 786 nm with a maximum power of 80 mW and a pulsewidth of 150 fs are obtained and applied to excite intrinsic signals from tissues. A MEMS scanner, a miniature objective, and a multimode collection fiber are further used to make the probe compact. The miniature fiber-optic MPM system is highly portable and robust. Ex vivo multiphoton imaging of mammalian skins demonstrates the capability of the system in imaging biological tissues. The results show that the miniature fiber-optic MPM system using frequency-doubled femtosecond fiber laser can potentially bring the MPM imaging for clinical applications.
Highlights
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an important tool for non-invasive and high-resolution imaging, featuring in neurology [1, 2] and cancer research [3, 4]
We propose a miniature fiber-optic MPM probe system based on a frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser
While the PPLN is used for frequency doubling, it produces third harmonic generation (THG) output
Summary
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an important tool for non-invasive and high-resolution imaging, featuring in neurology [1, 2] and cancer research [3, 4]. By using a commercial Yb-doped fiber laser, Tang et al developed a compact MPM system, where a hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (PBF) was used to deliver 150 fs pulses without any dispersion compensation scheme [16]. The output pulse had a pulsewidth of 125 fs and was delivered to a dispersion compensation unit which consisted of a grating pair and coupled to a double cladding photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF). Frequency doubling of commercial Er-doped fiber lasers at 780 nm have been utilized in bench-top MPM systems [22, 23]. A commercial frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser has been utilized in a fiber-optic MPM endoscope system [24]. We propose a miniature fiber-optic MPM probe system based on a frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser. The preliminary results demonstrate the potential of the miniature fiberoptic MPM system for clinical in vivo imaging
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