Mineralogical Characterization of Anode Slimes: Part V—Nickel-Rich Copper Anodes from the CCR Division of Noranda Minerals Inc.

Abstract

AbstractNickel-rich copper anodes from the CCR Division of Nor and a Minerals Inc. have been examined chemically and mineralogically to identify the phases present. Cuprous oxide, Cu2O, is the principal impurity phase, and this occurs either as spheroidal particles at the copper grain boundaries or as tubelike inclusions oriented perpendicular to the upper surface of the anode. Nickel exists in solid solution in the copper matrix, as NiO crystal inclusions, and as kupferg1immer (Cu–Ni–Sb oxide) inclusions in selenides; the presence of NiO and kupferglimmer depends on the Ni and Sb contents of the anodes. Iron is present in amounts ranging from 14–81 ppm, and the iron occurs in solid solution in the NiO inclusions or as rare NiFe2O4 (ferrite) crystals. Silver occurs mostly in solid solution in the copper matrix although lesser amounts are present in solid solution in copper selenide inclusions which are the dominant selenium, and tellurium, carrier in all the anodes studied. Anodes rich in As and Bi contai...