Abstract
The main objective of this study is to characterize the thermal, mineralization, and osteoblast cells response of pearl nanocrystallites. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectra demonstrate that the pearl nano-crystallites can induce the formation of an HA layer on their surface in SBF, even after only short soaking periods. The in vitro cell response to nano-grade pearl powders is assessed by evaluating the cytotoxicity against a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line and by characterizing the attachment ability and alkaline phosphatase activity of mouse bone cells (MC3T3-E1, abbreviated to E1) and bone marrow stromal precursor (D1) cells. The cytotoxicities of pearls were tested by the filtration and culture of NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The viability of the cultured cells in media containing pearl crystallites for 24 and 72 h is greater than 90%. The bone cells seen in these micrographs are elongated and align predominately along the pearl specimen. The cells observed in these images also appeared well attached and cover the surface almost completely after 1 h. The pearl nanocrystallites had a positive effect on the osteogenic ability of ALP activity, and this promoted the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs significantly at explanations.
Highlights
Pearl, which is composed of nacre, is produced in an active physiological environment by molluscs
The viability of the cultured cells in media containing pearl crystallites for 24 and 72 h is greater than 90%
(1) DTA/TG heating showed an endothermic peak at about 307∘C accompanied by a 2% weight loss ascribed to the decomposition of the organic species of the materials included in the pearl powder
Summary
Pearl, which is composed of nacre, is produced in an active physiological environment by molluscs. Atlan et al [5] conducted an important bone repair experiment of eight female patients using nacre powder, finding that osteoblasts were clearly attracted to the nacre, and new bone formed throughout the implanted material after six months This activity is thought to be due to the similarity between the growth proteins present in nacre and those in bone. Nacres are considered suitable natural materials for dental and bone restorations [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] In addition to their worldwide availability and low cost, they can initiate and induce mineralized tissue formation by human osteoblasts in vitro, and they exhibit osteogenic and osteoinductive features due to their ability to bond with bone. Pearls are currently cultured on a large scale in many countries, so Journal of Nanomaterials pearls are commercially available at an affordable price [14]
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