Abstract
White mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) is a root canal treatment material, which is known to exhibit a dark brown color when in contact with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl). This study aimed to investigate the effects of NaOCl on the surface properties of WMTA discs and WMTA-induced osteoblastic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Mixed WMTA (ProRoot MTA) was filled into the molds to form WMTA discs. These discs were immersed in distilled water (D-WMTA) or 5% NaOCl (Na-WMTA). Their surface structures and Ca2+ release level was investigated. Moreover, they were cultured with a clonal human PDLSC line (line 1–17 cells). The main crystal structures of Na-WMTA were identical to the structures of D-WMTA. Globular aggregates with polygonal and needle-like crystals were found on D-WMTA and Na-WMTA, which included Ca, Si, Al, C and O. However, many amorphous structures were also identified on Na-WMTA. These structures consisted of Na and Cl, but did not include Ca. NaOCl immersion also reduced Ca2+ release level from whole WMTA discs. Line 1–17 cells cultured with D-WMTA formed many mineralized nodules and exhibited high expression levels of osteoblast-related genes. However, cells incubated with Na-WMTA generated a small number of nodules and showed low expression levels of osteoblast-related genes. These results indicated that NaOCl reduced Ca2+ release from WMTA by generating amorphous structures and changing its elemental distribution. NaOCl may also partially abolish the ability of WMTA to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation of PDLSCs.
Highlights
White mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) is a root canal treatment material, which is known to exhibit a dark brown color when in contact with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl)
Crystalline structures of WMTA discs without immersion (ContWMTA), D-WMTA, and Na-WMTA were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) (D8-Advance A25, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) using CuKα radiation operated at 40 kV and 40 mA
NaOCl induced discoloration of WMTA discs at concentrations from 2 to 0.01%; WMTA discs in contact with 0.001% and 0.0001% NaOCl exhibited a color similar to discs immersed in distilled water (DW) (Supplementary Fig. 1)
Summary
White mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) is a root canal treatment material, which is known to exhibit a dark brown color when in contact with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl). These discs were immersed in distilled water (D-WMTA) or 5% NaOCl (Na-WMTA) Their surface structures and Ca2+ release level was investigated. Many amorphous structures were identified on Na-WMTA These structures consisted of Na and Cl, but did not include Ca. NaOCl immersion reduced Ca2+ release level from whole WMTA discs. Line 1–17 cells cultured with D-WMTA formed many mineralized nodules and exhibited high expression levels of osteoblast-related genes. Cells incubated with Na-WMTA generated a small number of nodules and showed low expression levels of osteoblast-related genes These results indicated that NaOCl reduced Ca2+ release from WMTA by generating amorphous structures and changing its elemental distribution. Several reports have described its effects on WMTA; contact between WMTA and NaOCl results in dark brown discoloration of WMTA7, as well as reduced formation of calcium hydroxide (Ca [ OH]2)[8]
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