Mineral Transformations in Gold–(Silver) Tellurides in the Presence of Fluids: Nature and Experiment

Jing Zhao,Allan Pring

doi:10.3390/min9030167

Abstract

Gold–(silver) telluride minerals constitute a major part of the gold endowment at a number of important deposits across the globe. A brief overview of the chemistry and structure of the main gold and silver telluride minerals is presented, focusing on the relationships between calaverite, krennerite, and sylvanite, which have overlapping compositions. These three minerals are replaced by gold–silver alloys when subjected to the actions of hydrothermal fluids under mild hydrothermal conditions (≤220 °C). An overview of the product textures, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics of the oxidative leaching of tellurium from gold–(silver) tellurides is presented. For calaverite and krennerite, the replacement reactions are relatively simple interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reactions. In these reactions, the telluride minerals dissolve at the reaction interface and gold immediately precipitates and grows as gold filaments; the tellurium is oxidized to Te(IV) and is lost to the bulk solution. The replacement of sylvanite is more complex and involves two competing pathways leading to either a gold spongy alloy or a mixture of calaverite, hessite, and petzite. This work highlights the substantial progress that has been made in recent years towards understanding the mineralization processes of natural gold–(silver) telluride minerals and mustard gold under hydrothermal conditions. The results of these studies have potential implications for the industrial treatment of gold-bearing telluride minerals.

Highlights

Gold–(silver) tellurides are important accessory minerals, carrying a significant proportion of the gold endowment in some low to medium temperature hydrothermal vein deposits
This work highlights the substantial progress that has been made in recent years towards understanding the mineralization processes of natural gold–(silver) telluride minerals and mustard gold under hydrothermal conditions
Other notable modern and historic gold deposits carrying significant amounts of the gold as tellurides include Cripple Creek, Colorado (~875 tons gold) [2]; Emperor, Fiji (~360 tons of gold, 10–50% occurring as tellurides) [3,4]; and Sǎcǎrîmb, Romania [5]

Summary

Introduction

Gold–(silver) tellurides are important accessory minerals, carrying a significant proportion of the gold endowment in some low to medium temperature hydrothermal vein deposits. Other notable modern and historic gold deposits carrying significant amounts of the gold as tellurides include Cripple Creek, Colorado (~875 tons gold) [2]; Emperor, Fiji (~360 tons of gold, 10–50% occurring as tellurides) [3,4]; and Sǎcǎrîmb, Romania [5] Another important example is the recently discovered Sandaowanzi gold deposit on the northeastern edge of the Great Xing’an Range, Heilongjiang Province, North East China, with a total reserve of ≥25 tons of gold and an average grade of 15 g/t [6,7,8,9]. A more recent work by Bindi et al [11] showed that calaverite and sylvanite can have overlapping sylvanite, and krennerite hasshare beena linked to its substitution for Au Important gold production four of them contain more silver than gold

Ternary diagrams of of

Mineralogy

Reaction

Applications and Implications

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Outlook