Abstract
The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the response of plants, using black mustard (Brassica nigra L. Koch) as a model plant, to soil contamination with copper (0, 200, 400, 600 mg Cu kg−1 of soil), and to determine the effectiveness of the Cu immobilization with mineral neutralizing materials, such as lime, clay and zeolite. The plant yield depended on soil contamination and mineral amendments. In the series without neutralizing materials, the level of 600 mg Cu kg−1 reduced the yield and increased leaf greenness. Lime alleviated the toxicity of Cu in objects with 200 mg Cu kg−1. Zeolite slightly mitigated the harmful effects of Cu at the level of 400 and 600 mg kg−1. Zeolite lowered the SPAD index. In the chemical composition of plants, the content of Cu, K, Mg, Na and Ca in plants increased to 400 mg Cu kg−1, while the content of P decreased to 600 mg Cu kg−1. Among the materials, lime reduced the Cu accumulation in plants the most, followed by clay. Cu narrowed the majority of ratios and widened the Ca:P and K:Ca ratios in plants. The applied mineral materials, except lime, did not significantly affect the formation of these indicators.
Highlights
IntroductionDangerous factors of anthropogenic origin are involved in processes that intensify the migration of metals to the edaphotope, which contributes to the reduction of vegetation (devegetation) and water depletion (dehumidification) and is destructive to the agrophysical, physicochemical and biological properties of soils, providing them with toxic properties [1,2,3]
The development of civilization is inextricably linked with environmental pollution.Dangerous factors of anthropogenic origin are involved in processes that intensify the migration of metals to the edaphotope, which contributes to the reduction of vegetation and water depletion and is destructive to the agrophysical, physicochemical and biological properties of soils, providing them with toxic properties [1,2,3]
It was found that a 3% addition of zeolite to uncontaminated soil significantly increased the SPAD index, which was not demonstrated for clay and lime
Summary
Dangerous factors of anthropogenic origin are involved in processes that intensify the migration of metals to the edaphotope, which contributes to the reduction of vegetation (devegetation) and water depletion (dehumidification) and is destructive to the agrophysical, physicochemical and biological properties of soils, providing them with toxic properties [1,2,3] These transformations arise mainly from the deposition of heavy metals caused by the emissions of metal-bearing dust, liquid and solid industrial and municipal waste, agricultural fertilizers and plant protection products, and motor traffic flow through roads and streets [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].
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