Abstract
For successful development of novel rechargeable batteries, considerable efforts should be devoted to identifying suitable cathode materials that will ensure a proper level of energy output, structural stability, and affordable cost. Among various compounds explored as electrode materials, structural analogues of minerals–natural stable inorganic solids–occupy a prominent place. The largest number of varieties of phosphate minerals occurs in rare metal granite pegmatites, and many of which contain transition metals as essential components. Transition metal phosphates are promising candidates for exploration as cathode materials due to a perfect combination of easily scalable synthesis, moderate-to-high voltage operation, thermal/chemical stability, and environmental safety. However, impurities usually presented in natural objects, and often inappropriate sample morphologies, do not permit the use of minerals as battery electrode materials. Nevertheless, the minerals of different classes, especially phosphates, are considered as prototypes for developing novel materials for battery applications. The crystal chemical peculiarities of the phosphate representatives that are most relevant in this aspect and the electrochemical characteristics of their synthetic analogues are discussed here.
Highlights
InformationModern technologies require a tremendous amount of energy, and the problem of energy storageModern require a tremendous amount of energy, and the problem of energy is key for thetechnologies world energy supply.A secondary battery is an electrochemical storage is key which for the converts world energy supply.is an in a energy storage device, chemical energy into electrical energy andbattery vice versa electrochemical energy storage device, which converts chemical energy into electrical energy and repeated way
For the successful development of new technologies, considerable efforts should be devoted to identifying suitable cathode materials that will ensure a proper level of energy output, structural stability, and affordable cost
The authors suggested that a combination of chemical and structural peculiarities of the electrode material results in extraordinarily high potential for the Ti3+ /Ti4+ redox activity, making it an attractive cathode material for K-ion batteries; before this finding, the Ti3+ /Ti4+ redox couple was considered for anode materials [115]
Summary
“They created a rechargeable world”: the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to. Transition magnetic and nonlinear opticalhere materials, catalysts, adsorbents, molecular sieves,and phosphors, and metal phosphates are attractive due to their enhanced thermodynamic kinetic stability biomaterials, to name but a few [4]. The advance of battery technologies promotes more sustainable compared to oxides, higher operating potentials owing to the inductive effect of the phosphate group and environmentally friendly energy production, storage, and consumption. Crystal chemical study of transition metal phosphates with alkali atoms ordering, defect concentration, and ion oxidation, which are important for creating electrochemically makes it possible to determine the miscibility limits of solid solutions and to find ways to control active materials. Wefor willresearchers demonstrateworking the definite attractiveness of minerals, mainly phosphates, as a source of inspiration for researchers working in the field of battery materials
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