Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (mbsr) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (mbct) in patients with breast cancer. The medline, Cochrane Library, embase, cambase, and PsycInfo databases were screened through November 2011. The search strategy combined keywords for mbsr and mbct with keywords for breast cancer. Randomized controlled trials (rcts) comparing mbsr or mbct with control conditions in patients with breast cancer were included. Two authors independently used the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess risk of bias in the selected studies. Study characteristics and outcomes were extracted by two authors independently. Primary outcome measures were health-related quality of life and psychological health. If at least two studies assessing an outcome were available, standardized mean differences (smds) and 95% confidence intervals (cis) were calculated for that outcome. As a measure of heterogeneity, I(2) was calculated. Three rcts with a total of 327 subjects were included. One rct compared mbsr with usual care, one rct compared mbsr with free-choice stress management, and a three-arm rct compared mbsr with usual care and with nutrition education. Compared with usual care, mbsr was superior in decreasing depression (smd: -0.37; 95% ci: -0.65 to -0.08; p = 0.01; I(2) = 0%) and anxiety (smd: -0.51; 95% ci: -0.80 to -0.21; p = 0.0009; I(2) = 0%), but not in increasing spirituality (smd: 0.27; 95% ci: -0.37 to 0.91; p = 0.41; I(2) = 79%). There is some evidence for the effectiveness of mbsr in improving psychological health in breast cancer patients, but more rcts are needed to underpin those results.
Highlights
The environmental problems caused by overuse of pesticides have been the matter of concern for both scientists and public in recent years
Pesticides based on plant essential oils or their constituents have demonstrated efficacy against a range of stored product pests, domestic pests, bloodfeeding pests and certain soft-bodied agricultural pests, as well as against some plant pathogenic fungi responsible for pre- and post-harvest diseases
These features indicate that pesticides based on plant essential oils could be used in a variety of ways to control a large number of pests
Summary
The environmental problems caused by overuse of pesticides have been the matter of concern for both scientists and public in recent years. As mentioned above essential oils are complex mixtures of natural organic compounds which are predominantly composed of terpenes (hydrocarbons) such as myrecene, pinene, terpinene, limonene, pcymene, α- and β- phellandrene etc.; and terpenoids (oxygen containing hydrocarbons) such as acyclic monoterpene alcohols (geraniol, linalool), monocyclic alcohols (menthol, 4-carvomenthenol, terpineol, carveol, borneol,), aliphatic aldehydes (citral, citronellal, perillaldehyde), aromatic phenols (carvacrol, thymol, safrol, eugenol), bicyclic alcohol (verbenol), monocyclic ketones (menthone, pulegone, carvone), bicyclic monoterpenic ketones (thujone, verbenone, fenchone), acids (citronellic acid, cinnamic acid) and esters (linalyl acetate).
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