Mindfulness-based programs sustainably increase mental health: The role of cognitive fusion and mindfulness practice

Abstract

IntroductionMindfulness is defined as a state of awareness which arises when intentionally directing one's attention in a non-judgmental way to the present moment. It has been shown to lead to greater mental health. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to document the long-term effects of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on mental health. Method. It comprised a longitudinal and a cross-sectional part. The longitudinal part was based on follow-up measures of MBSR participants (n=126) who had completed questionnaires measuring levels of mindfulness and anxiety before the program (Time 1), directly after (Time 2), and were contacted more than two years after to complete complementary measures (Time 3). The cross-sectional part was based on a comparison between the former MBSR participants’ levels of mindfulness, cognitive fusion, anxiety and well-being and a control group who had not followed an MBSR program (n=172). ResultsThe results underlined significant long-term benefits on levels of mindfulness and anxiety in MBSR participants. The level of mindfulness and the current number of days of mindfulness practice per week predicted lower levels of anxiety among former MBSR participants. Furthermore, cognitive fusion, number of days of mindfulness practice per week, and current daily practice time predicted levels of well-being among former MBSR participants. The comparison between former MBSR participants and controls showed significant differences in terms of levels of mindfulness, anxiety, well-being, and cognitive fusion. ConclusionThe results underline the potential of MBSR programs to increase mental health levels and protection factors sustainably.