Mimicked 2D Scaffolds for Maxillofacial Surgery

Abstract

AbstractIn maxillofacial surgery, there are many cases which have defects in bone including soft tissue ( Harris CM, Laughlin R. Reconstruction of hard and soft tissue maxillofacial defects.). These defects normally come from either trauma or diseases ( Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2013;21(1):127–38.). In the case of soft tissue defects, because of physical and biological function, there is a requirement for different scaffolds from bone tissue. For instance, soft tissue shows physical function of higher elasticity and elongation than bone tissue ( Kumar RVK, Kumar Devireddy SK, Gali RS, Chaithanyaa N, Sridhar. A Clinician’s Role in the Management of Soft Tissue Injuries of the Face: A Clinical Paper. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2013;12(1):21–29.). Furthermore, soft tissue has a faster repairing time than bone tissue (Sangkert et al. in Int J Artif Organs 43:189–202, 2020;Sybil et al. in Ann Maxillofac Surg 10:102–107, 2020;Chouhan et al. in Biomaterials 216, 2019;). Therefore, biomaterials which match these functions are required for soft tissue in surgery. Mimicking is the approach to create biomaterials that have similar functions as that of soft tissue (Haffner-Luntzer et al. in J Orthop Res 37:2491–2498, 2019; Toledano M, Toledano-Osorio M, Carrasco-Carmona A, Vallecillo C,1 Lynch CD,2, Osorio MT, Osorio R. State of the Art on Biomaterials for Soft Tissue Augmentation in the Oral Cavity. Part I: Natural Polymers-Based Biomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2020;12(8):1850.;). Created scaffold biomaterials which have similar physical and biological function to soft tissue are normally the key for mimicking (Haffner-Luntzer et al. in J Orthop Res 37:2491–2498, 2019). For instance, elastic polymers conjugated with biological signals are fabricated into scaffolds, based on the mimicking of physical and biological function of soft tissue (Sangkert et al. in Int J Artif Organs 43:189–202, 2020). Moreover, in some cases scaffolds need an antimicrobial function for surgery ( Watcharajittanont N, Putson C, Pripatnanont P, Meesane J. Layer-by-layer electrospun membranes of polyurethane/silk fibroin based on mimicking of oral soft tissue for guided bone regeneration. Biomed Mater 2019; 14 055,011.). For example, antimicrobial drugs are added into the scaffolds during fabrication (Sharif et al. in Polym Compos 40:1564–1575, 2019). These scaffolds are places to cover over defect site before closure to avoid microbial invasion. Maxillofacial surgery which involves a soft tissue defect is demonstrated. Mimicked scaffolds for defects included soft tissue in the maxillofacial are shown. Some examples of mimicked scaffolds in the maxillofacial are also explained. Furthermore, some ideas to develop mimicked scaffolds for soft tissue in the maxillofacial are described in this chapter.