Abstract
Due to the growing prevalence of incurable diseases, such as cancer, worldwide, nowadays, the development of smart drug delivery systems is an inevitable necessity. Chemotaxis-driven movement of ionic liquid microdroplets containing therapeutic compounds is a well-known example of a smart drug delivery system. This review aims to classify, summarize, and compare ionic liquid-based chemotaxis systems in an easily understandable article. Chemotaxis is the basis of the movement of cells and microorganisms in biological environments, which is the cause of many vital biochemical and biological processes. This review attempts to summarize the available literature on single-component biomimetic and self-propelling microdroplet systems based on ionic liquids, which exhibit chemotaxis and spontaneously move in a determined direction by an external gradient, particularly a chemical change. It also aims to review artificial ionic liquid-based chemotaxis systems that can be used as drug carriers for medical purposes. The various ionic liquids used for this purpose are discussed, and different forms of chemical gradients and mechanisms that cause movement in microfluidic channels will be reviewed.
Highlights
Self-propelled systems based on micro/nanomotors are micro/nanoscale bioinspired motors that propel autonomously in a solution and convert chemical energy into movement.The ability to propel in response to an external stimulus is essential for many biological processes and life-forms
Schematic the stages of events resulting in the appearance of motion and flows: (a) A symmetrical oil microdroplet immersed in the aqueous phase; (b) surface the oil microdroplet covered with surfactant;oiland (c) internalimmersed discrete structures within the oil micromotion and flows: (a) symmetrical microdroplet in the aqueous phase; (b) the oil microdroplet covered with surfactant; and (c) internal discrete structures within the oil microdroplets droplets causecovered oscillatory movements expose the oil to the alkaline external solution (possible microdroplet with surfactant;and and (c) internal discrete structures within the oil microcause movements and expose theAfter oil tothe the alkaline external solution
Chemotaxis based on ionic liquid (IL) droplets is a well-established method among these systems that provides the ability of movement to self-propelled IL droplets in response to an external chemical stimulus to achieve a target, specific position
Summary
Self-propelled systems based on micro/nanomotors are micro/nanoscale bioinspired motors that propel autonomously in a solution and convert chemical energy into movement. A few mechanisms to propel microdroplets, including changeable wettability of a substrate surface by a chemical [7,8] electrochemical stimulus [9,10], temperature gradient [11,12], acoustic wave [13], magnetic field [14], and photostimulation [15], have been developed. Since most of these mechanisms comprise multi-component microdroplets and sophisticated experimental arrangements, they require applied external energy sources to move the microdroplets. The great importance of this topic drove us to review ionic liquid (IL)-based chemotactic systems and their applications in drug delivery
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