Abstract
The broad spectrum available at millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands has attracted significant interest for a breadth of applications, with 5G communications being the main commercial drive for mmWave networks. Wireless power transmission and harvesting at mmWave bands have attracted significant attention due to the potential for minimizing the harvesting antenna size, allowing for more compact rectennas. For a fixed antenna size, the received power increases with frequency. Nevertheless, several challenges lie in realizing high efficiency antennas and rectifiers at mmWave bands. This article reviews the recent advances in mmWave rectenna design at a component- and system-level. Low-cost antennas and components for mmWave power harvesting, such as high efficiency scalable rectifiers on polymers and high radiation efficiency antennas on textiles, are reviewed. Both the antenna and rectifier can be realized using low-cost fabrication methods such as additively-manufactured circuits and packages, in addition to digital integrated circuits (ICs) for the rectifiers. Finally, this article provides an overview of future antenna design challenges and research directions for mmWave power harvesting.
Highlights
P OWER-AUTONOMY is seen as a key requirement of future Internet of Things (IoT) networks [1]
At millimeter-Wave bands (30-300 GHz), high efficiency antennas can be realized at mm-scale, enabling efficient reception of EM waves by ultra-compact receivers for subsequent conversion to DC power [11]. mmWave Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) was initially proposed for the application of space power transmission [12], with the reducing power consumption of semiconductor devices, the battery-less pervasive IoT objective drives recent developments in mmWave WPT
While it is widely known that the path loss increases with the frequency-squared, we show that for a fixed transmitter and antenna physical size, the WPT efficiency e2 increases with frequency
Summary
P OWER-AUTONOMY is seen as a key requirement of future Internet of Things (IoT) networks [1]. At millimeter-Wave (mmWave) bands (30-300 GHz), high efficiency antennas can be realized at mm-scale, enabling efficient reception of EM waves by ultra-compact receivers for subsequent conversion to DC power [11]. A. REVIEW SCOPE AND STRUCTURE mmWave power harvesting leverages the advances in mmWave antenna design and propagation measurements, rectifier design, modeling and matching techniques, in addition to high-frequency electronics packaging using both conventional and unconventional materials. The earliest implementations of mmWave WPT systems for space applications are reviewed, in Section II, and compared to modern mmWave power harvesting in the IoT context. WAGIH et al.: MILLIMETER-WAVE POWER HARVESTING: A REVIEW emerging research challenges related to antenna design for mmWave power harvesting as well as the unresolved issues hindering the wide-scale adoption of mmWave rectennas. THzspecific rectenna design methods and optical rectenna design were reviewed in [7], while touching upon Schottky-based rectennas in the lower mmWave bands
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