Millimeter-Wave Near-Field Probe Designed for High-Resolution Skin Cancer Diagnosis

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed technical characterization of a micromachined millimeter-wave near-field probe developed for skin cancer diagnosis. The broadband probe is optimized for frequencies from 90 to 104 GHz and consists of a dielectric-rod waveguide, which is metallized and tapered towards the tip to achieve high resolution by concentrating the electric field in a small sample area. Several probes with different tip sizes were fabricated from high-resistivity silicon by micromachining and were successfully characterized using silicon test samples with geometry-defined tailor-made permittivity. The probes show a high responsivity for samples with permittivities in the range of healthy and cancerous skin tissue at 100 GHz (from $3.2-{\rm j}2.3$ to $7.2-{\rm j}8.0$ , loss tangent of approximately 1.26). The sensing depth was determined by simulations and measurements from 0.3 to 0.4 mm, which is adapted for detecting early-stage skin tumors before they metastasize. The lateral resolution was determined to 0.2 mm for a tip size of 0.6 $\,\times\,$ 0.3 mm, which allows for resolving small skin tumors and inhomogeneities within a tumor.