Abstract
The 'farming/language dispersal hypothesis' was originally developed to explain the spread of the Neolithic economy and material culture into Europe. Recently, this hypothesis has been applied towards explaining the dispersal and divergence of East Asian languages. However, interpretations depend on what prehistoric cultivar is chosen by linguists as having been related with the spread of language. In understanding the appearance of the proto-Koreanic and proto-Japonic languages in Korea, millet and rice, which appeared in Korea around 3500 and 1300 BCE, respectively, have been emphasized by linguists. We assess these linguistic arguments. We first review how European archaeologists have understood the spread of farming into Europe, where the farming/language dispersal hypothesis was originally developed, and how archaeology has wrestled with the issues of diffusion and migration. Then we move on to evaluating linguistic hypotheses about the dispersal and split of proto-Koreanic and proto-Japonic. Our evaluation of the 'millet hypothesis' and the 'rice hypothesis' suggests that rice is a more plausible candidate for explaining the dispersal of proto-Koreanic to Korea. Meanwhile, viewing the introduction of slender daggers to Korea as another dispersal of language to Korea needs more scrutiny.
Highlights
Media summary: Archaeological records suggest that the spread of millet to Korea around 3500 BCE had little to do with language dispersal
The FLDH has had a significant impact on historical linguistics, which relies on prehistoric archaeology to understand the formation, spread and divergence of languages
In the East Asian context, the major focus has been on rice, which originated in South China and millet from North China
Summary
Media summary: Archaeological records suggest that the spread of millet to Korea around 3500 BCE had little to do with language dispersal. While some researchers (e.g. Lee 2005) have attempted to locate the origins of the Songgukri Culture and wet farming outside of the Korean Peninsula, most Korean archaeologists agree that the development of the Songgukri Culture and the spread of wet farming in southwestern Korea were subsistence-technological innovations developed by local populations in order to solve a population–resource imbalance resulting from rapid population growth and reduced soil fertility owing to long, continuous farming in the Early Mumun Period (Kim 2003b).
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