Abstract

The paper addresses the issue of the concurrent use of coastal areas for military training and civil activities, namely tourism. In the paper, starting from the consideration of publicly owned assets as ‘semi-commons’, we propose a method based on the comparison of planning instruments related to the different uses, and try to model them in a grid, where different weights and degrees of evaluation can be considered, in order to promote, rather than blocking, possible activities, compatible with concurrent use. The military areas in Sardinia (region and island, Italy) are around 234 km2, which constitutes 60% of the national surface affected by military easements. This situation is due to its geographic position, considered centrality in the Mediterranean for strategic reasons. This contribution evaluates the performance of the Local Coastline Plan (LCP) and the Site management plan of Community Interest (SCI) in conditions of military constraint. The case study is the municipality of Villaputzu South Sardinia, Italy), where an important coastal military easement and the use of the coast for recreational tourism purposes coexist together through specific planning, a consequence of institutional agreements between the Municipal Administration of Villaputzu and the Ministry of Defense. The idea is considering the concurrent possible land uses guaranteed by the different planning instruments, instead of focusing, as it is generally the rule, on the sum of constraints provided by the laws. The local coastline plan has been identified as the ideal planning tool, which addresses the co-existence of apparently opposite land uses and interests, as those expressed by the local municipal planning and those expressed by the military. An evaluation of the congruence of the specific objectives of the LCP and SCI shows how their combined action favors the environmental enhancement of Sardinia, contributing to the formation of ecosystem services, even in particular conditions arising from military easements. These are sites that evolve from ‘anticommons’ to ‘semicommons’. In fact, the military release process in Sardinia, together with the promiscuous military and civil use, activates unique governance policies of their kind that find a significant field of application in Sardinia to guarantee sustainable renewal of economic development of the ‘semi-commons’ awaiting to become ‘commons’.

Highlights

  • In the specific case study of the Villaputzu municipality, Quirra beach, the coexistence of multiple military, public, and private interests found a synthesis in the local coastline plan (LCP)

  • The authors realized a specific grid of converging specific objectives that can converge, in terms of the overall convergence of the specific objectives of the Villaputzu LCP with the agreements and protocols of understanding between the Ministry of Defense and the Sardinia region (Table 1), and with the specific objectives of the SCI management plan (SCIMP)

  • The methodology proposed by the authors, consisting in the evaluation of congruence and convergence between the specific objectives of LCP and SCIMP and in the evaluation of congruence of the respective actions, allowed us to demonstrate how a military enclave, such as that highlighted in the case study of Villaputzu (Sardinia, Italy), can be configured as a semicommon [40], which is able to configure services’ ecosystems [36,41] and use

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Summary

Introduction

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