Abstract
During the summer of 1912 the Balkan League states — Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece — furtively worked to prepare for a clash with the Turks. In August the Montenegrins and the Turks had an armed clash along the Albanian border. Tensions mounted, so much so that Austria-Hungary, Russia and even France grew alarmed. In mid-September Montenegro joined the Balkan League. An attack on Turkey appeared imminent, prompting Constantinople to mobilize troops in Thrace on 22 September. Eight days later the Balkan League mobilized. Then on 8 October Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman empire. On 18 October all the other League members declared war. The First Balkan War had begun.1
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