Abstract
Abstract Absolute physical distances are notoriously bad measures of the relative functional distances that influence the destination choices of U.S. interstate migrants. A novel calibration procedure for doubly constrained gravity models is proposed to map functional relative interstate separations. Doubly constrained models exactly reproduce observed migrant supplies and migrant demands. Using straight-line distances, however, they poorly reproduce the observed state-to-state patterns of flow. The proposed alternative calibration procedure leaves interstate separations as model outputs rather than model inputs. Distances are chosen to replicate observed flows. These distances define a “migration space'’surrounding origin and destination states.
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