Migration processes and overcoming borders: ranges of movement

Abstract

It is indicated that people have been moving from place to place since ancient times. Some move in search of new economic opportunities and prospects. Others are fleeing a life of armed conflict, food insecurity, persecution, terrorism, or human rights abuses and restrictions. Others - in order to avoid adverse consequences of climate change or natural disasters (climate change) or due to other factors. Migration processes directly depend on the ability (or vice versa) of a person to move from one state to another, that is, to cross borders.International society, in the context of the growing scale of such a global phenomenon as the movement of large groups of refugees and migrants, is developing more and more new ways of regulating and simplifying the procedure for crossing borders. The article is devoted to migration processes in the aspect of personal mobility and its possibilities, freedomof movement as an integral aspect of individual autonomy and immigration control of the host country, which is of decisive importance for the fact of migration and the further realization of the rights and freedoms of the migrant.
 It is indicated that several types of national borders are used in the world: 1) open border, 2) conditionally open border, 3) controlled border, 4) closed border. As can be seen from the above examples, there are different degrees of “openness” of the border, the nature of which depends on whether physical passport control exists (and whether it is used). Passport control by the police or immigration officials may be carried out at some types of borders, but nationals of the destination or participating territories are only allowed to cross the border with ID without any additional permits, restrictions or conditions. Thus, it was established that migration processes are accompanied by many stages of movement of a person, one of the most important of which is the crossing of borders, which in turn form the ranges of movement of migrants.