Abstract
Studies on the presence of pharmaceuticals in water were carried out on the riverbank filtration site, Krajkowo–Poznań (Poland). A preliminary investigation conducted in 3 sampling points showed the presence of pharmaceuticals in both surface water and bank filtrate. Based on the above, an extended analysis was made in July, August and October 2018 and included surface water and wells located at a different distance (5–250 m) and travel time (1–150 days) from source water (Warta River). Firstly, 75 compounds (antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, psychotropic drugs, x-ray agents and β-blockers) were tested and 25 of them were detected in the river or bank filtrate. The highest concentrations were observed in source water and then were reduced along the flow path. The sampling points located close to the river (<38 m) are characterized by low removal. Higher removal is visible in wells located 64–82 m away from the river, while 250 m from the river most compounds are completely attenuated. Carbamazepine, gabapentin, tramadol, oxypurinol, fluconazole, and lamotrigine are the most common compounds. Some of the tested parameters occur only in the river water, e.g., iopromide, diclofenac, iohexol, clindamycin, fexofenadine and valsartan. The research shows that at the site, a significant attenuation of pharmaceuticals can be achieved at travel times of 40–50 days and distances of 60–80 m, although higher values are ensured when the well is located more than 250 m away.
Highlights
Riverbank filtration (RBF) systems are widely used for drinking water supplies
Preliminary investigations performed in September 2017 and, May and June 2018 at three sampling points allowed the determination of occurrences of pharmaceuticals in the surface and bank filtrate water (Table 3)
The highest pharmaceutical concentrations and the largest variety of substances were detected in the Warta River
Summary
RBF, by forcing the infiltration of surface water into the groundwater systems, allows relatively large amounts of water to be obtained, especially in the alluvial aquifers located in the European lowland areas in river valleys and ice-marginal valleys [1,2]. The quality of bank filtrate is strongly dependent on surface water quality. This dependency is extremely important due to the detection of contaminants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) in the river (source) water. The occurrence of pharmaceuticals (such as antibiotics, analgesics, blood lipid regulators, contrast agents) has been studied all over the world in surface and in groundwater [7,8,9]. The occurrence of micropollutants was documented in Chinese rivers [10,11], Japanese rivers [11], Korean rivers [11], Kenyan rivers [12]
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