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Abstract
The movement of bacterial cells along with fungal hyphae in soil (the mycosphere) has been reported in several previous studies. However, how local soil conditions affect bacterial migration direction in the mycosphere has not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the influence of two soil parameters, pH and soil moisture content, on the migration, and survival, of Paraburkholderia terrae BS001 in the mycosphere of Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten in microcosms containing a loamy sand soil. The data showed that bacterial movement along the hyphal networks took place in both the “forward” and the “backward” directions. Low soil pH strongly restricted bacterial survival, as well as dispersal in both directions, in the mycosphere. The backward movement was weakly correlated with the amount of fungal tissue formed in the old mycelial network. The initial soil moisture content, set at 12 versus 17% (corresponding to 42 and 60% of the soil water holding capacity), also significantly affected the bacterial dispersal along the fungal hyphae. Overall, the presence of fungal hyphae was found to increase the soil pH (under conditions of acidity), which possibly exerted protective effects on the bacterial cells. Finally, we provide a refined model that describes the bacterial migration patterns with fungal hyphae based on the new findings in this study.
Highlights
Bacterial migration along with mycelium-forming organisms in soil has been extensively studied in recent years
It was found that the saprotrophic fungus Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten mediates the migration of Paraburkholderia terrae BS001 [2] as well as several other Paraburkholderia strains [3] in soil
We showed that migration of P. terrae BS001 with soil-exploring hyphae of Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten in an acid soil, denoted G, was only detectable in the fungal growth direction [2]
Summary
Bacterial migration along with mycelium-forming organisms in soil has been extensively studied in recent years. As flagellar motility has been reported to be driven by either the proton-motive or the sodium-motive force [8, 9], bacterial translocation may be spurred (on semi-solid agar) by pH decreases, as shown in recent reports [4, 10]. On another notice, factors that drive chemotaxis (e.g., particular fungal exudates) have been found to modulate bacterial motility [11, 12], with an abundant local nutrient supply suppressing such movement [13]
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