Abstract
Migration is an obvious response to political, economic, socio-demographic, and ecological crises. In recent decades, several crises have occurred in the Mediterranean region; consequently, migration has intensified, the geography of flows has been altered, and the roles of some countries within the Mediterranean migration system have rapidly changed. This paper aims to delineate an overview of migration flows in this region over the last 20 years, focusing on the new migration flows related to humanitarian crises. In doing so, the present study also examines similarities and differences between past and current migration factors that shape the decisions of individuals. Migration flows are closely linked to the needs and fears of European societies. Following this logic, and by analysing challenges related to demographic and geopolitical dimensions in the future scenario, this study discusses the necessity of new policy responses.
Highlights
The Mediterranean region has always been a unique and important geostrategic region for economic and human interchanges involving the Near Eastern, North African and European states
Increasing social and economic disparities, as well as socio-political factors, have, over time, altered migration routes between origins and destinations in the Mediterranean, redefining the traditional trajectories of migration flows. To discuss this assumption in greater detail, we examine the migration dynamics in the region over the last two decades
The scenarios delineated here lead us to revisit Mediterranean migration flows in terms of concepts and aspects of categorization, and they invite us to rethink policies that could be adapted to the multiple changes and challenges in the region
Summary
The Mediterranean region has always been a unique and important geostrategic region for economic and human interchanges involving the Near Eastern, North African and European states. It is an extremely heterogeneous area which includes countries that are closely connected by geographic proximity, and yet are very diverse historically, culturally and politically. The second involves the countries of the southern and eastern littorals, which are still undergoing the first demographic transition phase, characterised by a relatively young population with relatively high fertility and mortality levels and international migration losses (Parant & Léger, 2020)
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