Migration crisis fueled by the challenges and uncertainties facing the new Afghanistan

To gather insight in conditions important to an understanding of undocumented migrants' life situations and more specifically to explore undocumented migrants' quality of life and how we can understand the various domains of quality of life related to demographics, living conditions, migration history and inflicted burden. Undocumented migrants suffer from economic hardship and acculturative stress, limited psychological and social support and at the same time restricted access to health care and social welfare. An exploratory mixed methods design using primarily quantitative data with a qualitative component was implemented. Sociodemographic data on 90 undocumented migrants were collected, and self-report questionnaires on quality of life and psychological distress were completed, supplemented by qualitative data obtained through interviews and additional qualitative questions. The STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies was used for reporting this study. Quality of life in our group of undocumented migrants was poor. Leaving their home country because of war or persecution, hunger, having experienced abuse, homelessness and higher age were statistically significantly associated with poorer quality of life. Having membership in a local association and having a partner were statistically significantly associated with better quality of life. Qualitative data indicate that marginal living conditions, fear of death and suffering and conditions associated with dependency were the main components comprising the burden to our respondents, reflecting their precarious juridical status as undocumented migrants. Our respondents' poor quality of life was related to the complex interplay between possible exposures to traumatic experiences before and during flight and post-migration traumatisation in relation to our respondents' experiences of economic, social and acculturative hardship in Norway. Responses called for to improve undocumented migrants' quality of life and eliminate barriers to their health care appeal more to nurses as a professional group and to those in positions of authority than each individual nurse on duty.

Purpose. The aim of the article is description of the interdependencies of the development of informatization of society and the improvement of public administration in overcoming the economic threats to the existence of the state of Ukraine. Methodology of research. Achieving this goal is based on the use of the research methodology of the innovative and informational type of economic development and public (state) management. The following specific methods are used: systematic – to disclose the directions of the influence of information transformation on all spheres of the functioning of society; ecumenical (interdisciplinary) – to disclose institutional changes in public administration due to new threats to territorial integrity and economic security; analysis – to characterize the trends in the application of information technology in economics and management; statistical methods – to assess the magnitude of economic threats to the functioning of society and the substantiation of anti-crisis measures by the state. Findings. It is established that the study of the interaction between informatization of society and new public administration for the purpose of localization of economic threats to statehood necessarily implies the use of systematic analysis, ecumenical (interdisciplinary) approach, theories of institutional changes and systemic crisis of civilization. The principles of the mechanism of interaction “informatization of society – new public administration – guarantees of national economic security” are substantiated, based on the following logic: the fundamental instinct of self-preservation of the person leads them to unification in the state as the highest and long-lasting social, legal, political and economic forms of joint activity of people; and the state, first and foremost protecting the interests of the people who shape the public interest as a whole, is obliged to protect them as national in the international arena, including national economic security. It is proved that the rapid development of information transformation and new innovative products in the economy undermines the hierarchy of relationships, contributes to the active expansion of network structures that radically change human values, the format of interaction of citizens (consumers) with business and the state, puts new requirements for the game from the state. It is revealed that the new public administration is characterized by productivity, marketing approach to studying the needs of citizens and threats to their lives; decentralization; reporting on the results that is possible under the conditions of introduction of electronic governance and changes in the legislative field. It is substantiated that strategic goals of implementation of electronic government are overcoming information inequality, restructuring of relations with citizens, improvement of technology of public management and administration in order to ensure transparency, accessibility and convenience of receiving public services by citizens, which opens the possibility of their real participation in making public management decisions in order to localize corruption, shadowing, raiding as factors of economic threats to statehood. Originality. The scientific novelty of the study is to substantiate the author’s approach to the dialectics of the interaction of “informatization of society – the new public administration – national economic security” in the context of continuous information transformation, institutional changes and global challenges. Practical value. The theoretical approaches developed by the authors to the analysis of the influence of informatization of society, new public administration and national economic security can become the fundamental basis for the development of anti-crisis policies in Ukraine with the aim of ensuring territorial integrity, the safety of citizens and their well-being. Key words: informatization of society; new public administration; economic security; state sovereignty; openness; transparency; electronic governance.

This article addresses the issues pertaining to the adoption and development of legislation on irregular migration in the context of uncontrolled growth in the number of immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East to the EU. The article attempts at studying the EU legislation on irregular migration, classifying it, and analysing the prospects of EU migration legislation in the light of an increase in irregular immigration into the EU. The author systematises, classifies the current EU legislation on irregular immigration, and analyses the conditions, in which this legislation was developed. Using the legislation analysis method, the author proposes the following system of EU legislation on irregular immigration: rules preventing assistance to irregular immigration, rules preventing employment of irregular immigrants, rules on the return of irregular migrants and readmission, rules on border control, and rules on collaboration with third countries. The author pays special attention to analysing the current state of irregular immigration to the EU, which was dubbed the "greatest migration crisis in Europe". The conclusion is that the European Union succeeded in the development of pioneering legislation on irregular immigration, which can serve as the basis for reception by other states. However, changes in the political and economic situation in the EU's southern borderlands made the current legal mechanisms incapable of withstanding new threats. It necessitates a radical reform of the legislation on irregular immigration.

Undocumented Patients and Rehabilitation Services

IntroductionMigrants without residency permit, known as undocumented, tend to live in precarious conditions and be exposed to an accumulation of adverse determinants of health. Only scarce evidence exists on the...

La precariedad laboral en inmigrantes en situación irregular en España y su relación con la salud

Conventional Wisdom and the Next Unknown

Recent debates surrounding immigration policy have underscored the challenges facing local administrators. This article explores administrators’ attitudes toward documented and undocumented immigrants and their beliefs about immigrants’ participation in local government. A survey of municipal administrators was conducted in Arizona. Results indicate that administrators who believed undocumented immigrants are associated with problems for their cities were less interested in having undocumented immigrants participate in local government, and, moreover, that administrators made distinctions between documented and undocumented immigrants. Public safety administrators tended to be less inclined to encourage the civic participation of undocumented immigrants than other administrators.

Conducting research about undocumented migrants is, for various reasons, always challenging. Very seldom are available accurate information and comprehensive statistical data on their demographic, economic, and social situations. Furthermore, there are many kinds of undocumented migrants, and it is often difficult for researchers to contact them.This chapter discusses the methodological challenges of conducting research about undocumented migrants, especially in situations in which no previous data is available and undocumented migrants are wary of attempts to study them. The chapter explains in detail how to design research using triangulated quantitative survey data and qualitative ethnographic data on undocumented migrants; how to analyse and reflect upon them in ways that avoid biased results as far as possible; and the common challenges and opportunities of this kind of research. Finally, the chapter posits solutions, paying extensive attention to research ethics, and especially to the power imbalance between researchers and the researched, and the precautions that need to be taken and ensured in order to avoid data leakage and/or wrongful exposure—which are topics of the utmost importance when conducting research about undocumented migrants.

Irregular migrants tend to live in cities. Cities offer to irregular migrants anonymity, opportunities to find a job and other ways to make a living, different forms of accommodation, and access to potentially existing relational, ethnic, social, or cultural networks. Irregular migration can therefore also be understood as an urban phenomenon. The urban aspects of irregular migration are the focus of this bibliography. We discuss the precarious life situations of irregular migrants, as well as the complex urban governance of migration. From a national-state perspective, the term, “irregular migrant,” refers to a person who enters or resides in a country without the necessary authorization or documents required by immigration regulations. Irregular migrants have either never obtained any sort of authorization or status or they had a status but then fell out of it, or the status has lapsed. This definition also includes rejected asylum seekers and persons that lost their temporary projection. This bibliography applies the term “irregular migrants,” which is used in the literature and in practice alongside other terms such as undocumented migrants, sans-papiers, illegalized migrants, or migrants in a situation of administrative irregularity. We are aware that all of these terms carry certain normative assumptions with them and that they therefore have to be applied with caution and are context-dependent. The term illegal migrants should be avoided due to its stigmatizing association with illegality and criminality, and also because being present without an authorization is in most countries not a criminal offense but an administrative infringement. This interdisciplinary bibliography focuses on cities as places where irregular migrants live (see Cities as Places for Irregular Migrants), cities as (political) actors that support irregular migrants (see Cities as Actors that Support Irregular Migrants), and on other important (political) actors such as civil society organizations and irregular migrants themselves (see Civil Society and Irregular Migrants as Political Actors). While this article only includes work written in English, it attempts to integrate publications that cover cities from different world regions.

Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with refused asylum seekers from Zimbabwe and Kurds from Turkey, who have stayed in Britain as irregular migrants, this paper examines everyday lives, strategies and fears. The paper focuses on four main areas: individual experiences of the asylum system leading to irregularity; living as an irregular migrant with the constraints on economic participation and limited housing options; social lives, relationships and community activities alongside the ways in which decisions about social interactions intersect with irregularity and subsistence support; the fears and everyday struggles faced by irregular migrant's living in England, and the ways in which this translates into relationships with place and space. The paper draws out both the commonalities and the diversity of experiences among refused asylum seekers living in England.

Despite restrictive policy frameworks, cities sometimes provide support to irregular migrants. Scholars have analysed these forms of inclusion, focusing on policies and tensions between inclusionary approaches by local or urban actors and exclusionary approaches by national or supranational authorities. This article seeks to shift the focus to the street level, examining how support is delivered, how it is experienced by different categories of irregular migrants, and how frontline social workers make sense of their work and foster “paradoxical inclusion.” To this end, the article first analyses the experiences of young North African irregular migrants in Geneva, Switzerland. Based on ethnographic research, we describe their everyday life in the “assistance circuit,” which forces them to follow a daily routine determined by the services offered at fixed times in different places. Over time, the young men develop a sense of entrapment and alienation, as well as escape strategies. Secondly, by examining the perspective of social workers, we show that the constraints associated with the assistance circuit reflect a social work paradigm that aims to keep people on the move, limit dependency and promote autonomy. This paradigm coexists with another, conflicting one, which can be described as palliative, but which also seems paradoxical to the irregular migrants who aspire to full participation in social and economic life. Overall, our study suggests an alternative interpretation of the limitations and paradoxes surrounding irregular migrants’ inclusion that complements policy‐oriented approaches.

Intensos factors d’atracció i d’expulsió a més de la formació de xarxes migratòries expliquen la presència de més de 600.000 immigrants estrangers a Grècia. La majoria són immigrants econòmics i d’estatus irregular, que han viscut a Grècia des de principis dels noranta, un país tradicionalment expulsor d’emigrants. Més d’una quarta part d’aquests són dones que hi han arribat autònomament i que mostren les noves tendències en les migracions femenines. Com passa amb els homes, troben ocupacions caracteritzades per una gran flexibilitat laboral. La recent política de regularització d’immigrants estrangers destinada a oferir permisos de treball i de residència als que estan en situació irregular obrirà noves qüestions polítiques, morals i socials, permetrà que les llars i les grans empreses contractin dones en una gran varietat de feines, i des del punt de vista de la recerca social facilitarà l’avenç en l’estudi de l’ocupació de les dones immigrants, la seva situació social i familiar, com també el fenomen de la prostitució d’infants i adults. D’altra banda, també augmentarà el cost de la mà d’obra immigrant, probablement debilitarà la seva flexibilitat i provocarà que els familiars que entren a través de la reunificació familiar facin augmentar els costos de la ja inadequada infraestructura de subsidis socials. Molts immigrants irregulars no han sol·licitat la regularització, als quals se sumen els acabats d’arribar al mercat; en aquest sentit, possiblement es necessitarà aviat un nou procés de regularització, que posarà damunt la taula la qüestió de les polítiques econòmiques i socials adreçades als immigrants irregulars.

Background. Interparliamentary cooperation is considered a relevant instrument of foreign policy of any state. For Ukraine, this cooperation is of particular importance given the European integration aspirations and strengthening of its own positions in the international arena. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, as a representative body of the Ukrainian people, actively develops interparliamentary relations with parliaments of foreign states and international parliamentary organizations. This cooperation is carried out in various forms that undergo constant evolutionary changes in response to modern challenges, which allows us to effectively respond to new threats and opportunities. Therefore, the study of modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and their impact on public administration is relevant and important. Methods. To obtain scientific results, the dialectical method was used to determine and substantiate the relationship between phenomena and contradictions of interparliamentary cooperation, which affects their development. The systematization method made it possible to group scientific approaches to the definition of interparliamentary cooperation and its inherent features. The methods of analysis and synthesis contributed to the identification of modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation, to reveal their substantive component and impact on public administration. The modeling method was used when developing conclusions regarding the impact of modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation on public administration. Results. It is revealed that interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine takes place in the format of bilateral and multilateral relations and modern forms of such cooperation are analyzed. The emphasis is placed on the activities of permanent delegations of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in international parliamentary institutions, which are characterized by the adoption of a number of international resolutions. The participation of parliamentarians in interparliamentary assemblies is studied and their key results are outlined. The importance of establishing and expanding interparliamentary contacts of the Verkhovna Rada through visits of Ukrainian parliamentarians to foreign countries aimed at working out a joint strategy of active military and humanitarian support for Ukraine is emphasized. The importance of developing interparliamentary diplomacy, establishing contacts with legislative institutions of other states is highlighted. The role and place of the specialized committee on interparliamentary cooperation, the main results of its activities are emphasized. The main achievements of the activities of deputy groups of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on interparliamentary relations are revealed. Weaknesses of interparliamentary interaction are identified. Conclusions. At the current state-building stage of Ukraine, an important place is given to interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine as one of the key mechanisms that promotes national interests in the international arena, the development of democratic institutions in Ukraine, serves as a tool for combating Russian aggression and helps strengthen international support for Ukraine. It is substantiated that modern forms of interparliamentary cooperation of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine have a significant impact on public administration, serving its development and adaptation to modern challenges. The directions of their influence on public administration are highlighted. The priority trends of interparliamentary cooperation include European integration, further rapprochement with the North Atlantic Alliance, and the involvement of states in negotiations to achieve a stable situation in Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is making significant efforts to fulfill these strategically important tasks.

Radical Lessons:Thoughts on Emma Goldman, Chaos, Grief, and Political Violence Post–9/11/01 Loretta Kensinger (bio) Introduction Since that fateful day in September 2001, and in its terrible aftermath, I have often sought inspiration from a wider community of humans seeking to create a different, less terrifying, world.1 In concluding her 1912 article, "The New Year," Emma Goldman boldly asserted, "Out of the chaos the future emerges in harmony and beauty" (323).2 Chaos is all too easy to feel these days. According to a U.S. State Department Fact Sheet some 3,212 people died in the September 11 attacks in the U.S., though undocumented workers likely remain undercounted in these figures. In 2006 Gilbert Burnham and colleagues "estimate[d] that, as a consequence of the coalition invasion of March 18, 2003, about 655,000 Iraqis have died above the number that would be expected in a non-conflict situation. . . . About 601,000 of these excess deaths were due to violent causes" (1426). In October 2008 the Web site "Just Foreign Policy" estimated that over 1,273,378 Iraqis have died in the bombing and occupation of that country; CNN reports over 4,500 coalition deaths in Iraq, with the death of U.S. soldiers now outnumbering the estimated State Department death toll of September 11, 2001.3 These figures say nothing of the maimed and scarred, nor do they speak to the civilians and combatants that continue to die in the ongoing war in Afghanistan. Police actions, insurgencies, despotic acts of dictatorship, violent episodes of ethnic and religious hatred, class desperation, imperialism and nationalism rage throughout the globe in Chechnya, Pakistan, Burma, Palestine, Israel, Columbia, Kashmir, and in so many, many other places. And if these human struggles were not enough, environmental chaos caused by global warming brings ever more dire weather to threaten our communities and lives. Beyond these real world tragedies, Susan Faludi in her 2007 book The Terror Dream, unmasks the new gendered nightmare that has haunted the American cultural psyche in the aftermath of the events of 9/11/01, including the disappearance of women's voices as events are recast in heroic masculine terms embracing a new myth of super-men with females in need of protection. Yes, the world seems precariously chaotic these days. The chaos can become overwhelming. In my experience, feelings of chaos are often intimate partners of grief and grieving. [End Page 50] The Oxford Pocket American Dictionary places boundaries on the meanings of these powerful words. Grief's first meaning is "intense sorrow or mourning," its second "the cause of this"; to "grieve" is first to "cause great distress to" and second to "suffer grief" (346). The proximity among "grief," "grievance" and "grievous" cannot be missed when trying to grasp and ground these emotions in the concrete of dictionary definition. To mourn is to "feel or show deep sorrow or regret for" and to "show conventional signs of grief after a person's death" (517). Anyone who has experienced the loss of close loved ones knows the nature of this powerful emotion: its unpredictability, its numbness, its anger, its depth. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas write, "In each death there is an end of the world, and yet the rhetoric of mourning allows us to speak of this end and multiply it, both to anticipate it and repeat it—with regard not only to one friend, one proper name, but many, one death after another"(15).4 The events of 9/11/01 and its aftermath, let alone the other catastrophes the twenty-four hour news cycle brings us daily, have clearly brought distress, suffering, and strong emotions. Considering just the "day that shook the world," as the BBC referred to it, we can see the moments of collective grief in numerous places (qtd. in Winter and Hawthorne 11). At its most basic, we feel the mourning in nine-year-old Madeleine-Therese Halpert's haiku: Terror in their eyesChildren now lost foreverInnocent like me (88) One wonders which children, in which regions of the world, the author is thinking of. Robin Morgan provides more political complexity to this reckoning of...