Might tumor secreted cathepsin proteases leave specific molecular signals in skin, hair and nails years before a cancer becomes clinically apparent?

Abstract

X-ray fiber diffraction analysis (FDA) of the fibrous macromolecules in hair, nails and skin has been shown to non-invasively diagnose various cancers, at sites remote from the cancer, years before the cancer becomes clinically apparent. The technology is not widely accepted because of reproducibility issues (that can be easily resolved) and lack of an explanation as to how a clinically unapparent tumor can leave molecular “signatures” at remote sites. However, there is evidence that tumor-specific cathepsins (lysosomal proteases) circulate systemically long before a cancer is clinically apparent. As such, we hypothesize that cathepsins, by virtue of their proteolytic activity, impart molecular changes in tissues remote from the primary tumor. These subtle molecular changes, which are specific for various tumors, can be readily detected by FDA of hair, nails and skin. We call for more research in the utility of FDA and tumor specific cathepsins for the early and non-invasive diagnosis of various malignancies.