Midline Posterior Approach to the Ankle and Hindfoot

Abstract

The posterior approach to the ankle and hindfoot can be used for fixation of fractures, fusions, or osteotomies and is especially useful in patients with poor soft tissue anteriorly, medially, or laterally. However, a high rate of wound complications has been reported with standard posterolateral and posteromedial approaches. Because of local wound problems with the standard approaches, we have used a midline posterior approach and a longitudinal midline splitting of the Achilles tendon. This approach provides excellent exposure while minimizing wound healing complications. This approach provides dissection between angiosomes, which should optimize preservation of the blood supply to the skin flaps. We retrospectively evaluated wound healing in 33 consecutive patients who had surgery using the modified midline posterior approach. The mean age of the patients was 48 (range 16 to 83) years. The mean followup was 24 (range 12 to 73) months. Surgical procedures included ankle and pantalar arthrodeses (primary and revision), talectomies with tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis, repairs of fracture nonunions, reconstruction of a chronic Achilles rupture, and hardware removal with multiple debridements of chronic osteomyelitis. There were no instances of skin flap necrosis. One patient with diabetic neuropathic arthropathy developed a small superficial wound eschar that healed with dressing changes alone. Four patients developed deep infections; two of these had a history of deep infection and the other two had significant comorbidities. The modified midline posterior approach to the distal tibia, ankle, and hindfoot has a low primary wound complication rate without sacrificing exposure. This approach can be used for any procedure requiring posterior access to the distal tibia, ankle joint, or subtalar joint.