Abstract
Fossiliferous Middle Miocene deposits from the surroundings of Marija Bistrica (north-east of Zagreb) transgressively overly older pre-Cenozoic bedrocks. Fossils from shallow marine environments are in most cases preserved as bioclasts, while deep marine calcareous oozes characterize the pelagic marls. The age of the transgressive sequence is estimated on the basis of planktic biota from marls (foraminifera, nannoplankton and pteropods) as the Badenian NN5 Nannozone. The following palaeoenvironments can be distinguished or presumed on the basis of biota and sedimentary features: (1) beach characterized by polymictic conglomerates with rhodolith-rich carbonate matrix ; (2) oyster banks, recognized from secondarily found oyster clusters ; (3) lagoons marked with compact bioclastic deposits and rhodolith-halimeda assemblage ; (4) patch-reefs recognized from the surrounding bioclastic deposits ; (5) shallow subtidal maerl beds preserved as loose bioclastic deposits and (6) distal slope argillaceous marls with pelagic biota. Palaeoenvironmental analyses indicate rapid drowning, most probably corresponding to the transgression during the Middle Badenian TB 2.4 3rd order transgressive-regressive sequence.
Highlights
IntroductionThe area of Southern and South-East Europe during the Miocene epoch survived a variety of stress events triggered by a combination of intense tectonics and global climate changes (Cloetingh et al, 2005; Pavelić, 2005; Kováč et al, 2007, 2017 and references therein; Tomljenović et al, 2008; Malvić and Velić, 2011; Matenco and Radivojević, 2012; Horváth et al, 2015; Balázs et al, 2016; Pavelić and Kovačić, 2018)
The following palaeoenvironments can be distinguished or presumed on the basis of biota and sedimentary features: (1) beach characterized by polymictic conglomerates with rhodolith-rich carbonate matrix; (2) oyster banks, recognized from secondarily found oyster clusters; (3) lagoons marked with compact bioclastic deposits and rhodolith-halimeda assemblage; (4) patch-reefs recognized from the surrounding bioclastic deposits; (5) shallow subtidal mäerl beds preserved as loose bioclastic deposits and (6) distal slope argillaceous marls with pelagic biota
1998, 1999; Hudáčková et al, 2000; Harzhauser and Piller, 2007; Piller et al, 2007; Kováč et al, 2007, 2017). One such realm is the territory of today’s Northern Croatia, whose plains and depressions among the uplifted mountain chains were flooded by the Paratethys Sea, palaeographically marking its southwestern margin and forming the Pannonian Basin System (PBS) (Pavelić, 2001, 2005; Vrsaljko et al, 2006; Kováč et al, 2007, 2017; Ćorić et al, 2009; Sremac et al, 2016; Pezelj et al, 2016; Bošnjak et al, 2017; Pavelić and Kovačić, 2018)
Summary
The area of Southern and South-East Europe during the Miocene epoch survived a variety of stress events triggered by a combination of intense tectonics and global climate changes (Cloetingh et al, 2005; Pavelić, 2005; Kováč et al, 2007, 2017 and references therein; Tomljenović et al, 2008; Malvić and Velić, 2011; Matenco and Radivojević, 2012; Horváth et al, 2015; Balázs et al, 2016; Pavelić and Kovačić, 2018). The Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (approximately between 18 and 14 Ma) caused the global highstand and flourishing of marine life, while the forthcoming cooling, followed by the growth of ice sheets, led to an extinction wave of terrestrial and aquatic biota (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975; Zachos et al, 2001; Ivanov et al, 2002; Böhme, 2003; Pekar and DeConto, 2006; Holbourn et al, 2007 and references therein; Herold et al, 2011) All these factors influenced areas along the European collision zones as well as those situated along the shores of the Miocene oceans and seas, including the shores of the Paratethys Sea All authors correlate the youngest Badenian transgressive-regressive sequence with the Late Badenian TB 2.5 3rd order sequence (within the NN6 Nannozone) (e.g. Haq et al, 1988; Hardenbol et Sremac, J.; Tripalo, K.; Repac, M.; Bošnjak, M.; Vrsaljko, D.; Marjanac, T.; Moro, A.; Lužar-Oberiter, B.; Fio Firi, K.; Aščić, Š. 24 al., 1998; Kováč et al, 2007; Rögl et al, 2007; Hohenegger et al, 2014; Pavelić and Kovačić, 2018)
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