Abstract
mandated that new, more rigorous academic standards should be applied not only to high schools, but to middle level schools as well. As a result, many middle level principals are pressured to modify existing programs in ways that will significantly reduce their responsiveness to early adolescent needs. Middle level educators must be wary of incorporating into middle level programs, ideas, recommendations, and research findings that emerge from high schools and elementary schools. As Troisi (1983) points out: Most of the research on school effectiveness has been conducted at the elementary school level, and largely in urban settings. It has focused on basic skills instruction. Since there are
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