Abstract
BackgroundThe stem exclusion stage is a stage of forest development that is important for understanding the subsequent understory reinitiation stage and maturation stage during which horizontal heterogeneity is formed. Over the past 11 years (2009–2019), we observed a deciduous broad-leaved forest in the Albongbunji Basin in Ulleungdo, South Korea in its stem exclusion stage, where Fagus engleriana (Engler’s beech) is the dominant species, thereby analyzing the changes in the structure (density and size distributions), function (biomass and species richness), and demographics.ResultsThe mean stem density data presented a bell-shaped curve with initially increasing, peaking, and subsequently decreasing trends in stem density over time, and the mean biomass data showed a sigmoidal pattern indicating that the rate of biomass accumulation slowed over time. Changes in the density and biomass of Fagus engleriana showed a similar trend to the changes in density and biomass at the community level, which is indicative of the strong influence of this species on the changing patterns of forest structure and function. Around 2015, a shift between recruitment and mortality rates was observed. Deterministic processes were the predominant cause of tree mortality in our study; however, soil deposition that began in 2017 in some of the quadrats resulted in an increase in the contribution of stochastic processes (15% in 2019) to tree mortality. The development of horizontal heterogeneity was observed in forest gaps.ConclusionsOur observations showed a dramatic shift between the recruitment and mortality rates in the stem exclusion stage, and that disturbance increases the uncertainty in forest development increases. The minor changes in species composition are likely linked to regional species pool and the limited role of the life-history strategy of species such as shade tolerance and habitat affinity. Our midterm records of ecological succession exhibited detailed demographic dynamics and contributed to the improvement of an ecological perspective in the stem exclusion stage.
Highlights
The stem exclusion stage is a stage of forest development that is important for understanding the subsequent understory reinitiation stage and maturation stage during which horizontal heterogeneity is formed
The deterministic process leads to convergent community structure (Hubbell 2001), whereas stochastic processes lead to a divergent community structure (Chase and Myers 2011)
The stem exclusion stage in forest development is dominated by deterministic processes such as resource competition among species and density-dependent tree mortality (Heiri et al 2009)
Summary
The stem exclusion stage is a stage of forest development that is important for understanding the subsequent understory reinitiation stage and maturation stage during which horizontal heterogeneity is formed. The process of tree community development after anthropogenic or natural disturbance is a spatiotemporal laboratory essential for a clear understanding of key ecological processes and stages, which provides ecological knowledge necessary for species and forest restoration and management (Franklin et al 2002; Lutz and Halpern 2006; Heiri et al 2009; Halpern and Lutz 2013). The stem exclusion stage in forest development is dominated by deterministic processes such as resource competition among species and density-dependent tree mortality (Heiri et al 2009). Since various forest development models were constructed by contemporaneously observing and connecting specific stages (i.e., using a chronosequence approach) instead of by observing forest development over long time periods, various empirical approaches are required to understand the relative changes in these important processes
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