Abstract

Quantum information processing systems rely on a broad range of microwave technologies and have spurred development of microwave devices and methods in new operating regimes. Here we review the use of microwave signals and systems in quantum computing, with specific reference to three leading quantum computing platforms: trapped atomic ion qubits, spin qubits in semiconductors, and superconducting qubits. We highlight some key results and progress in quantum computing achieved through the use of microwave systems, and discuss how quantum computing applications have pushed the frontiers of microwave technology in some areas. We also describe open microwave engineering challenges for the construction of large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers.

Highlights

  • Quantum computing and modern microwave engineering share a common ancestor in the pioneering work that led to the development of radar and related technologies in the 1940’s [1]

  • For the sake of brevity, rather than surveying the complete quantum computing landscape, we focus on three leading qubit technologies: trapped ion qubits, semiconductor spin qubits, and superconducting circuit qubits

  • Trapped ion qubits for quantum computing applications are almost always confined using a combination of radio-frequency and static electric fields in a so-called Paul trap [10] (Penning traps, which use a combination of static magnetic and electric fields to confine ions, can be used for quantum computing but are more typically employed for quantum simulation or precision spectroscopy experiments [100]–[102])

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Quantum computing and modern microwave engineering share a common ancestor in the pioneering work that led to the development of radar and related technologies in the 1940’s [1]. The leveraging of war-time radar technology and methods in the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids [4], [5] provides an ideal example of the long-standing synergy between microwave engineering and quantum systems [1]. Fundamental to this light-matter interaction is the relation E = ω, which connects the angular frequency ω of microwave photons to their energy E ( is the reduced Planck’s constant). VIII) Outstanding challenges related to microwave engineering that must be overcome to realize the full potential of quantum computing are described

QUBITS AND QUANTUM COMPUTING
QUBIT BASICS
QUBITS AS RESONATORS
PHYSICAL REALIZATION OF QUBITS
RABI OSCILLATION FREQUENCY
EFFECT OF NOISE COUPLED THROUGH MICROWAVE DRIVE LINE
COHERENT CONTROL OF QUANTUM PROCESSORS USING MICROWAVE TECHNIQUES
SINGLE QUBIT GATES
HARDWARE FOR QUANTUM STATE CONTROL
MEASURING THE STATE OF A QUBIT
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY
RF FOR ION TRAPPING
Findings
CONCLUSION
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