Abstract
The microwave-assisted conversion of levulinic acid (LA) has been studied using low-loaded supported Fe-based catalysts on porous silicates. A very simple, productive, and highly reproducible continuous flow method has been used for the homogeneous deposition of metal oxide nanoparticles on the silicate supports. Formic acid was used as a hydrogen donating agent for the hydrogenation of LA to effectively replace high pressure H2 mostly reported for LA conversion. Moderate LA conversion was achieved in the case of non-noble metal-based iron oxide catalysts, with a significant potential for further improvements to compete with noble metal-based catalysts.
Highlights
Introduction γValerolactone (GVL) has been recently considered as a new renewable liquid for gasoline and diesel fuel oxygenate due to its comparable fuel characteristics to those of fossil-based fuels [1].Some drawbacks, including high water solubility and smaller cetane number as compared with diesel fuels limit actual applications of GVL in the transportation sector
In our aim to develop advanced catalytic nanomaterials for biomass valorization processes, we report a highly-reproducible continuous flow method for the preparation of supported iron oxide catalysts on porous silicates and their application in the microwave-assisted conversion of levulinic acid (LA) to GVL
Inspired by our previous work on the hydrogenation of LA using Cu-containing silica materials, we designed a supported iron oxide catalyst on porous silicates based on our previous report [30,33]
Summary
0.5 g), set between two plugs of quartz wool to prevent the solid support to move in the reactor upon pumping in the flow of the solution of the metal precursor. Fe/Al-SBA 0.5 mL·min−1 materials are denoted as (Fe-AlCF), where this material was prepared with a 0.5 wt% theoretical loading of Fe at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1 during 8 min of reaction incorporation at 100 °C. Fe/Zr-SBA 0.5 mL·min−1 (Fe-ZrCF) stands for a material prepared with a 0.5 wt% theoretical loading of Fe at a flow rate of 0.5 mL·min−1 during. A Pd/Al-SBA-15 material was synthesized for comparative purposes following a previously reported mechanochemical protocol [34,35]. Pd/C catalyst (Sigma-Aldrich) has been employed as a reference catalyst for comparative purposes
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