Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among females, early diagnostic methods with suitable treatments improve the 5-year survival rates significantly. Microwave breast imaging has been reported as the most potential to become the alternative or additional tool to the current gold standard X-ray mammography for detecting breast cancer. The microwave breast image quality is affected by the microwave sensor, sensor array, the number of sensors in the array and the size of the sensor. In fact, microwave sensor array and sensor play an important role in the microwave breast imaging system. Numerous microwave biosensors have been developed for biomedical applications, with particular focus on breast tumor detection. Compared to the conventional medical imaging and biosensor techniques, these microwave sensors not only enable better cancer detection and improve the image resolution, but also provide attractive features such as label-free detection. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent important achievements in microwave sensors for biomedical imaging applications, with particular focus on breast cancer detection. The electric properties of biological tissues at microwave spectrum, microwave imaging approaches, microwave biosensors, current challenges and future works are also discussed in the manuscript.
Highlights
Cancer is a major public health issue worldwide and the second leading cause of death in the United States [1]
The present review focuses on three major parts: electrical properties of tissue, microwave breast imaging and microwave sensors
A radar-based microwave imaging system normally consists of a radio frequency (RF) generator to illuminate microwave signals, RF sensor(s) to transmit microwave signals to the target object and measure the backscattered reflection signals from the object, and a computer with matched software to analysis the measured data to map the internal structure of the object
Summary
Cancer is a major public health issue worldwide and the second leading cause of death in the United States [1]. For early diagnosis of breast cancer, scientists worldwide have extensively investigated many imaging-based diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging [25], positron emission tomography [26], mammography [27] and contrast-enhanced digital mammography [28]. These screening-based methods are expensive and provide limited image resolution. The rapid growth of microwave breast imaging systems requires high-performance broadband sensor that suitable to detect small tumors with cost-effective, compact and easy-to-use measurement system. A comparative sensing performance, present challenges, and future prospects of label-free microwave biosensors discussed in detail
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