Abstract
This article demonstrates for the first time, both numerically and experimentally, the feasibility of radar-based microwave imaging of anthropomorphic heterogeneously dense breasts in prone position, requiring no immersion liquid. The dry, contactless approach greatly simplifies the setup, favors patient comfort, and further avoids lengthy sanitation procedures after each exam. We use a radar-type technique with the antennas distributed in cylindrical configuration around the breast phantom. The reflectivity map is reconstructed using a wave-migration algorithm in the frequency domain. This article presents new developed strategies to cope with the challenges of a dry setup, namely increased skin artifact due to the concomitant absence of matching liquid and nonuniform breast shape. We propose an iterative and adaptive algorithm based on singular value decomposition that effectively removes the skin backscattering under the abovementioned conditions. It is compatible with automatic processing, and computationally fast. One of its inputs is the breast three-dimensional surface information, and its distance to the antennas, all obtained automatically from a proposed low-cost procedure based on a webcam. The imaging method is reasonably resilient to the presence of fibroglandular tissues, and to uncertainties of tissue permittivity. Another tackled challenge is the miniaturization of the antenna in air, which is achieved with an optimized balanced antipodal Vivaldi of the same size as counterparts used in dense immersion liquids. Finally, all the building blocks are combined to demonstrate experimentally the overall dry system performance, with very good detection of the tumor at three different positions in the breast, even in low-contrast scenarios.
Highlights
O VER the last two decades, Microwave Imaging (MWI) has been investigated as an alternative imaging modality for breast cancer screening
We propose an iterative and adaptive algorithm based on singular value decomposition that effectively removes the skin backscattering under the above conditions
To reduce the dominating short-distance skin backscattering that precludes the tumor detection, we extend the technique used in [8] based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
Summary
O VER the last two decades, Microwave Imaging (MWI) has been investigated as an alternative imaging modality for breast cancer screening. Larger efforts are required by the artifact removal algorithm, which relies on a precise retrieval of the breast 3D shape and the antenna distances to the breast skin This issue has been addressed in [16] and [17]. The use of symmetric antenna distribution illuminating the breast 1) simplifies the setup, 2) is adjustable to any breast size, and 3) helps decreasing costs by avoiding the use of complex positioning mechanisms It increases the difficulty of separating the tumor response from the measured signals, given that the antennas will be at different distances from the skin, as a consequence of the non-symmetric shape of the breast.
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