Microwave-assisted solid phase extraction prior to ICP-MS determination of Pd and Pt in environmental and biological samples

Abstract

A sensitive and selective microwave-assisted solid phase extraction procedure coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is proposed for palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) quantification in environmental and biological samples. Pd and Pt were quantitatively retained on commercial thioureido propyl functionalised silica gel packed inside a home-made glass microcolumn, and later eluted with 0.5% thiourea solution under microwave irradiation, followed by ICP-MS determination. The main variables affecting the procedural stages (i.e., sorption and desorption) and ICP-MS determination were optimised. The best conditions found were: (a) sorption: sample acidity, 1 M HCl; sample flow rate, 3 mL min−1; (b) desorption: microwave radiation, power 800 W; eluent concentration, 0.5% thiourea; eluent flow rate, 0.5 mL min−1; (c) ICP-MS determination: nebuliser feeding, free aspiration (0.3 mL min−1); internal standard, Rh (5 µg L−1). Analyte recoveries were higher than 90% and concentration factors up to 90 and 92 were achieved for Pd and Pt, respectively. Depending on the conditions, the methodological limits of detection were down to 0.2 ng L−1 for both analytes and repeatability, expressed as RSD%, varied between 1.3 and 11.0%. A method selectivity evaluation showed that most of the ICP-MS interferents were either quantitatively separated or more than 86% eliminated, except for Cu (elimination efficiency around 30%). Finally, the method was successfully used to determine Pd in certified reference materials (i.e. human urine and serum) and Pd and Pt in PM10 airborne particulate matter fractions.