Abstract
The efficiency of organo-lead halide perovskite-based optoelectronic devices is dramatically lower for amorphous materials compared to highly crystalline ones. Therefore, it is challenging to optimize and scale up the production of large-sized single crystals of perovskite materials. Here, we describe a novel and original approach to preparing lead halide perovskite single crystals by applying microwave radiation during the crystallization. The microwave radiation primarily causes precise heating control in the whole volume and avoids temperature fluctuations. Moreover, this facile microwave-assisted method of preparation is highly reproducible and fully automated, it and can be applied for various different perovskite structures. In addition, this cost-effective method is expected to be easily scalable because of its versatility and low energy consumption. The crystallization process has low heat losses; therefore, only a low microwave reactor power of 8–15 W during the temperature changes and of less than 1 W during the temperature holding is needed.
Highlights
The efficiency of organo-lead halide perovskite-based optoelectronic devices is dramatically lower for amorphous materials compared to highly crystalline ones
Organo-lead halide perovskites of the general formula APbX3, where A stands for a monovalent organic cation and X represents a halide anion or halide anions mixtures (Cl−, Br−, I−),[1] are promising materials for the development of photovoltaic cells,[1−3] light emitting diodes,[4,5] lasers,[6−8] ultraviolet-to-infrared photodetectors[9−11] and X-ray and γ-ray detectors.[12,13]
The prepared films possess defects that cause nonradiative recombination, current−voltage hysteresis, and rapid degradation due to the low stability of the resulting devices.[1,16,17,25−28] The limitations can be reduced through preparation of single crystals, which possess low trap densities, higher crystallinity, and fewer ionic defects and grain boundaries, and the efficiency of the resulting functional devices can increase dramatically.[1,17]
Summary
J.J. and A.J.P. acknowledge Project No FCH-S-19-5834. The Austrian Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged for the financial support within the Wittgenstein Prize for NSS (Z222-N19)
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