Microwave assisted heterogeneous vapor-phase oxidation of 3-picoline to nicotinic acid over vanadium–titanium oxide catalytic system

Abstract

Binary vanadium–titanium oxide catalysts as well as pure V2O5 and TiO2 (anatase) were studied in microwave assisted vapor-phase oxidation of 3-picoline by oxygen in the presence of nitrogen and water vapors. The main product of the reaction over all catalysts was nicotinic acid. 3-pyridinecarbaldehyde, 3-cyanopyridine, and CO2 were obtained at smaller amounts. The highest rate of the reaction calculated per square meter of the catalyst surface was observed over pure vanadium oxide. Decrease in vanadium oxide content in the binary catalysts led to decrease in the rate of 3-picoline conversion. Titanium dioxide (anatase) demonstrated the lowest activity. Much more energy was necessary to heat pure titanium oxide to the reaction temperature when compared to the pure vanadium oxide. The microwave heating effect can be located on the V2O5 catalyst active component. Due to specific temperature distribution, the lattice oxygen in the microwave effective dielectric vanadium oxide becomes more mobile inducing the rate of 3-picoline oxidation to nicotinic acid. The data obtained under microwave heating were compared to the results produced over the same catalysts by applying classical conventional energy.