Abstract
We use the most up-to-date cosmological evolution models of star-forming (SF) galaxies and radio sources to compute the extragalactic number counts and the cosmic background from 408MHz to 12THz. The model of SF galaxies reproduces the constraints obtained by Spitzer, Herschel, and ground-based submm/mm experiments: number counts, redshift distribution of galaxies, cosmic background intensity and anisotropies. The template SEDs of this model are extrapolated to the radio adding synchrotron, free-free, and spinning dust emissions. To fix the synchrotron intensity, we use the IR/radio flux ratio, q70, and a spectral index beta=-3. For a constant q70, our model added to the AGN contribution provides a good fit to the number counts from 12THz to 408MHz and to the CIB. Spinning dust accounts for up to 20% of the cosmic microwave background produced by SF galaxies, but for less than 10% of the total background when AGN are included. The SF galaxies account for 77.5% of the number counts at 1.4GHz for a flux of 1e-4Jy. However, the model does not explain the CRB measured with the ARCADE2 experiment. Considering the case when q70 decreases strongly with redshift, this still does not explain the ARCADE2 results. It also yields to an overestimate of the low-flux number counts in the radio. Thus, we rule out a steep variation of q70 with redshift at least for z<3.5. Adding a population of faint SF galaxies at high redshift (Lir<1e11Lsun and 4<z<6), which would reproduce the ARCADE2 results, leads to predictions of the CIB much higher than what is observed, ruling out this as the explanation for the ARCADE2 results. Considering our findings and previous studies, we conclude that if the radio emission measured by ARCADE2 is astrophysical in origin, it has to originate in the Galaxy or in a new kind of radio sources (with no mid- to far-IR counterparts) or emission mechanism still to be discovered.
Highlights
The extragalactic background light or cosmic background is dominated by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a relic of the evolution of the early Universe
For a constant q70, our model added to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution provides a good fit to the extragalactic number counts from 24 μm to 408 MHz, and to the cosmic background intensity in the far- and mid-IR
For the dusty star-forming galaxies, Fig. 2 presents the uncertainties on the counts calculated from the Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) fit of the luminosity function (LF) by Béthermin et al (2011) in the case of the spectral energy distribution (SED) described in Sects. 2.3, 2.2, and 2.4
Summary
The extragalactic background light or cosmic background is dominated by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a relic of the evolution of the early Universe. The CIB is produced by the emission of dust illuminated by the stars contained in infrared (IR) or dusty star-forming galaxies. The evolution of these galaxies is well constrained by direct measurements of the CIB, galaxy number counts from the mid- to the far-IR, and redshift distribution of galaxies. Star-forming galaxies are expected to emit at radio frequencies because the stars they contain can ionise their gas content and produce free-free emission. These stars will evolve into supernovae leading to synchrotron emission. The exact intensity and evolution of radio emission from star-forming galaxies is still a matter of debate
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