Microtubule self-organisation by reaction–diffusion processes in miniature cell-sized containers and phospholipid vesicles

Abstract

Under appropriate conditions, in vitro microtubule preparations self-organise over macroscopic distances by a process of reaction and diffusion. To investigate whether such self-organisation can also occur in objects as small as a cell or an embryo we carried out experiments in miniature containers of cellular dimension. When assembled under self-organising conditions in wells of 120–500 μm, microtubules developed organised structures. Self-organisation is strongly affected by shape, being highly favoured by elongated forms. In wells of more complex shape, geometrical factors may either oppose or strengthen one another and so inhibit or reinforce self-organisation. Microtubules were also assembled within phospholipid vesicles of 2–5 μm diameter. Under self-organising conditions, we observed large shape changes from spheroids to long tubes (50–100 μm) and intertwined coils. We conclude that self-organisation of microtubules by reaction–diffusion processes can occur in containers of cellular dimensions and is capable of strongly deforming the cellular membrane.