Micro-Thrombosis, Perfusion Defects, and Worsening Oxygenation in COVID-19 Patients: A Word of Caution on the Use of Convalescent Plasma

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Joyner et al1Joyner M.J. Bruno K.A. Klassen S.A. et al.Safety update: COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 20,000 hospitalized patients.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95: 1888-1897Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (270) Google Scholar recently provided a safety update on the use of convalescent plasma (CP) in a population of 20,000 patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The results on the safety aspects, elegantly presented by the authors, may seem encouraging from many perspectives. However, we would like to comment on an extremely important aspect when considering the use of CP. Most of the attention on safety issues during administration of CP has been directed toward adverse effects unrelated to the clinical settings (ie, infection, transfusion-related acute lung injury, or transfusion associated circulatory overload) and “disease-specific” (eg, viral enhancement). However, clinicians should bear in mind that CP contains procoagulant factors and in common clinical practice plasma is administered in patients with coagulopathies or hemorrhage, or both. Thus, administering CP to patients with COVID-19 means introducing procoagulant factors into their bloodstream. This may be troublesome when considering that COVID-19 patients stand at the other side of hemostasis disorders and that their tendency to develop a prothrombotic disease has been reported.2Poissy J. Goutay J. Caplan M. et al.Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19: Awareness of an increased prevalence.Circulation. 2020; 142: 184-186Crossref PubMed Scopus (711) Google Scholar This prothrombotic state causes perfusion abnormalities at the pulmonary level, contributing to the peculiar phenotype of respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19.3Gattinoni L. Chiumello D. Caironi P. et al.COVID-19 pneumonia: Different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes?.Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46: 1099-1102Crossref PubMed Scopus (1023) Google Scholar In this context, it is worth noting the results of a recent study investigating the pulmonary abnormalities in COVID-19. Indeed, Patel et al4Patel B.V. Arachchillage D.J. Ridge C.A. et al.Pulmonary angiopathy in severe COVID-19: Physiologic, imaging, and hematologic observations.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 202: 690-699Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar recently showed significant alterations in the pulmonary vasculature in patients with severe COVID-19. The authors presented a combination of physiologic data, findings of high-resolution imaging, and hematologic results; they showed an activation of both inflammatory and coagulation pathways playing a pivotal role in the development of respiratory failure and compromising oxygenation in patients with severe COVID-19. Of note, hypercoagulability and reduction in the fibrinolytic activity in the pulmonary vasculature resulted in pulmonary perfusion abnormalities. Although Joyner et al1Joyner M.J. Bruno K.A. Klassen S.A. et al.Safety update: COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 20,000 hospitalized patients.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95: 1888-1897Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (270) Google Scholar reported a low incidence of thromboembolic or thrombotic events at 7-day follow-up (n = 113; <1%), when considering the administration of CP to COVID-19 patients, clinicians should bear in mind that even small quantities of coagulation factors contained in the CP can enhance the coagulation cascade. Such an event might represent a serious harm for patients with severe COVID-19; indeed, enhancing microthrombosis and the consequential perfusion abnormalities at the pulmonary level might ultimately lead to worsening oxygenation and increased risk of clinical deterioration. In consideration of this risk, it would be interesting to access data on the ratio between partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) before and after CP administration. Meanwhile, we would like to express a word of caution on the use of CP in severe COVID-19 patients. In Reply — Micro-Thrombosis, Perfusion Defects, and Worsening Oxygenation in COVID-19 Patients: A Word of Caution on the Use of Convalescent PlasmaMayo Clinic ProceedingsVol. 96Issue 1PreviewWe would like to thank our colleagues for their letter in response to our manuscript. The letter raises important theoretical concerns about the impact of procoagulant factors in plasma on the coagulation cascade in the context of patients with severe COVID-19.1 Generally, we agree with the word of caution regarding the use of convalescent plasma in the context of patients with severe COVID-19 and evidence of dysregulated hemostasis, as observed among patients who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Full-Text PDF Safety Update: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 20,000 Hospitalized PatientsMayo Clinic ProceedingsVol. 95Issue 9PreviewTo provide an update on key safety metrics after transfusion of convalescent plasma in hospitalized coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients, having previously demonstrated safety in 5000 hospitalized patients. Full-Text PDF