Microsyringe-based slug-flow microextraction for rapid and accurate determination of antibiotics in highly saline seawater

Abstract

BackgroundExtensive use of antibiotics leads to widespread environmental pollution, endangering ecosystems, and human health. It is particularly concerning, posing global threats requiring urgent attention and action. In this regard, the shift to mass spectrometry in determining antibiotics is highly desirable. Significant progress has been made in analyzing and optimizing the sensitivity of high-salt samples. However, the persistence of cumbersome operational procedures presents a significant challenge to this shift. Thus, the persistence of complex operational procedures needs to be addressed. ResultsIn this study, a rapid and direct method for determining antibiotics in highly saline environmental water samples using microsyringe-based slug-flow microextraction (MSFME)-droplet spray ionization (DSI) mass spectrometry (MS) has been described. The proposed method successfully detected clarithromycin, ofloxacin, and sulfadimidine in seawater within a linear range of 1–1200 ng mL−1, with low limits of detection of 0.19 ng mL−1, 0.17 ng mL−1, and 0.20 ng mL−1, respectively (Signal/Noise = 3). Additionally, spiked real seawater samples of all three antibiotics demonstrated satisfactory recoveries (95.1–107.5%) and precision (RSD≤8.8%). The MSFME–treated high-salt sample (3.5 wt%) showed a mass spectral response intensity 4–5 orders of magnitude higher than the untreated medium-salt sample (0.35 wt%). Furthermore, exploration of the applicability of MSFME showed that it is suitable not only for high-salinity (3.5 wt%) samples but also for salt-free or low-salt and hard water samples rich in calcium and magnesium ions. SignificanceComparisons with other methods, complex laboratory setups for sample processing are now simplified to a single step, completing the entire process, including desalination and detection, MSFME–DSI–MS provides faster results in less than 1 min while maintaining sensitivity comparable to that of other detection methods. In conclusion, this advancement provides an exceptionally simplified protocol for the rapid, highly sensitive, and quantitative determination of antibiotics in environmental water samples.