Abstract
Titanium alloys are widely used for biomaterial applications since they have special characteristics, especially better biocompatibility, superior corrosion behavior and lower modulus of elasticity compared to other conventional biomaterials. The development of existing Ti6Al4V alloys by creating new β-type Ti-Mo-Nb based alloys by modifying the addition of the Mn element as a beta phase stabilizer, so that the beta phase structure can have an effect to increase strength and reduce elastic modulus with good biocompatibility and toxicity. In the present work, Ti–Mo–Nb–(x)Mn alloys (x=0, 4, 8, and 12, mass fraction in %) were prepared using an electric vacuum arc furnace with a tungsten electrode. The samples were homogenized at 1050°C for 6 h under a controlled argon atmosphere, and the effects of adding Mn on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the alloys were investigated using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, hardness and ultrasonic tests, and potentiodynamic polarization test. The experimental results show that adding 4 %, 8 %, and 12 %Mn to a Ti–9Mo–6Nb alloy stabilizes the formation of the β-phase titanium, implying that the alloys have similar microstructures but different grain sizes. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements show that an increase of the Mn content in the Ti–9Mo–6Nb alloy decreases the corrosion resistance. At 4 %Mn, the alloy has an elastic modulus of 93 GPa and better corrosion resistance, with a relatively low corrosion rate amounting to 0.00290 mm per year, than those of a commercial Ti–6Al–4V alloy
Highlights
There are several advantages of using titanium (Ti) over metals as a biomedical implant material: for example, its mass density, specific strength, elastic modulus, corrosion resistance, and better biocompatibility [1]
commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) has a hexagonal close packed (HCP) crystal structure with an α-phase, implying that it has a high elastic modulus of 120 GPa, and the Ti–6Al–4V alloy has an HCP crystal structure, but with an α–β-phase, implying that the elastic modulus is 110 GPa, compared with cortical human bone that has an elastic modulus of 10–30 GPa [8]
Using Nb, Mo, Cr, Zr, Ta, Sn, Fe, Mn, and other elements to act as β-phase stabilizers, β-type titanium alloys that are free from any toxic elements and have low elastic modulus have been developed [22, 23]
Summary
There are several advantages of using titanium (Ti) over metals as a biomedical implant material: for example, its mass density, specific strength, elastic modulus, corrosion resistance, and better biocompatibility [1]. A significant difference between the elastic modulus of the bone and implant may result in pain being felt in the bone, which is often referred to as the stress shielding effect This effect is a direct result of the orthopedic implant supporting most of the load and causing excessive movement, which prevents the burden from being channeled from the Materials Science implant to the bone. It has been reported that Al- and V-containing alloys release metal ions that cause health problems in humans [13, 14] With this in mind, titanium alloys have been developed using molybdenum or niobium to replace vanadium [15,16,17]
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