Abstract
<p>A number of methods utilizing external forces have been applied to induce fluid flow during solidification of molten metal in casting and welding processes. These include mould rotation, mechanical vibration and electromagnetic stirring. Many articles describe the benefits of vibration during casting and welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of castings and weldments. In this paper, these effects are reviewed and discussed to provide a better understanding of the processes. Understanding of these processes and application of the procedures offer extensive scope for significant cost savings in design and fabrication of cast and welded products.</p>
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