Abstract
Four positive electrodes are extracted from two high-power and two high-energy Li-ion battery consumer cells, and then analyzed by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomography. The active material phase, carbon black-binder phase and pore phase are quantitatively evaluated using adequate 3D analysis techniques by their volume fractions, surface areas, particle size distributions and tortuosities. The active material phase is composed of LiCoO2 (Sanyo 1500 mA h), or LiNiCoAlO2 (Sony 2600 mA h) or one of two LiNiCoAlO2-LiCoO2 blends (Kokam high-power 350 mA h and high-energy 560 mA h). Special emphasis was put on the three-dimensional distribution of the submicron-sized (yet highly agglomerated) carbon black-binder phase. Vacuum infiltration with a two-component silicone resin gave greyscale contrast between the carbon black-binder and pore phases for contour description at voxel sizes from 30 to 50 nm. This study elucidates the cathode microstructural features for high-energy and high-power application and provides a complete parameter set of commercial electrodes with differing chemical composition. This information can be used by the scientific community as input parameters in simulations and models, filling the gap between the experimental and the simulation fields.
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