Abstract

Evaluating thrombi microstructure developed in central venous catheters using confocal and electron microscopy. An experimental, descriptive study carrying out a microstructural evaluation of venous thrombi developed in central venous catheters using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. A total of 78 venous catheters were collected over a period of three months. Different fibrin structures were distinguished: fibrin plates, fibrin network, and fibrin fibers. It was observed that the thrombus had thick fibrin plates adhered to the catheter wall openings in both a catheter with three days of permanence as well as in a catheter with 20 days of insertion in the patient. However, a greater amount of erythrocytes and fibrin fibers were found in the central region of the thrombus. This study contributes to improving health care and can have a positive impact on clinical practice, as easy adherence of platelets and fibrins to the catheter wall demonstrated in this study makes it possible to adopt thrombus prevention strategies such as therapy discontinuation for an extended period, blood reflux by a catheter, slow infusion rate and hypercoagulo pathyclinical conditions. Avaliar a microestrutura por microscopia confocal e eletrônica em trombos desenvolvidos em cateteres venosos centrais. Pesquisa experimental, descritiva, em que foi feita uma avaliação microestrutural de trombos venosos desenvolvidos em cateteres venosos centrais por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Microscopia Confocal de Varredura a Laser. Foram coletados 78 cateteres venosos centrais num período de três meses. Distinguiram-se diferentes estruturas de fibrina: a placa de fibrina, a rede de fibrina e as fibras de fibrina. Observou-se que tanto em um cateter com três dias de permanência quanto em um cateter com 20 dias inserido no paciente o trombo apresentou placas de fibrina espessas aderidas às paredes dos orifícios dos cateteres. Na região central do trombo, no entanto, observou-se maior quantidade de eritrócitos e fibras de fibrina. O trabalho contribui para uma melhoria da assistência à saúde e pode gerar um impacto positivo na prática clínica, uma vez que a facilidade de aderência de plaquetas e fibrinas à parede do cateter demonstrada neste estudo possibilita a adoção de estratégias de prevenção do trombo, tais como a interrupção de terapia por tempo prolongado, o refluxo de sangue pelo cateter, a velocidade lenta de infusão e os estados clínicos de hipercoagulopatia.

Highlights

  • Insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs) is frequent in the Intensive Care Units for the purposes of hemodynamic monitoring, maintaining an infusion route of solutions, medications, parenteral nutrition, hemodialysis, and blood sample collection, among others

  • Integrating Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy are promising for investigating thrombi in human samples, enabling better care performance in clinical practice and in the maintenance of CVCs, as they are evidence-based practices that respond to issues that arise daily

  • A case study using SEM observed a thrombus from a deep vein thrombosis taken from a patient(4), and concluded that due to the high pulmonary flow speed, the thrombi in the pulmonary arteries presented a greater quantity of fibrin and a smaller number of erythrocytes in comparison to leukocytes

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Summary

Introduction

Insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs) is frequent in the Intensive Care Units for the purposes of hemodynamic monitoring, maintaining an infusion route of solutions, medications, parenteral nutrition, hemodialysis, and blood sample collection, among others. The activation of a coagulation cascade increases the tendency for thrombus formation, which is an important cause of complications in patients using a venous catheter, which can lead to thrombosis near the vascular access, and to emboli formation, deep venous thrombosis and the possible development of cardiac ischemia(8-14). Integrating SEM and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy are promising for investigating thrombi in human samples, enabling better care performance in clinical practice and in the maintenance of CVCs, as they are evidence-based practices that respond to issues that arise daily. The present study can provide indicators to reduce potential adverse events that could occur in patients using CVCs, which still represent a challenge for the health services. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microstructure of thrombi developed in central venous catheters using confocal and electron microscopy

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