Microstructural and failure analysis of welded primary reformer furnace tube made of HP-Nb micro alloyed heat resistant steel

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, the failure of the reformer furnace tube, made of HP-Nb micro alloyed heat resistant steel is investigated. The failure was due to a longitudinal crack developing in the circumferential weld joint close to the outlet end of the tube, where the mean wall temperature had reached the highest value during service. According to the temperature records during the period of 7 years of being in service, the tube had experienced temperatures higher than the tubes designed temperature. This situation besides the occurrence of several sudden shutdowns caused the mechanical properties degradation. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations revealed that the failure had occurred due to the extensive fissuring initiated and developed from the heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the root weld. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, and the crack growth rate calculations indicated that the crack propagation rate was controlled by the overheating and the secondary thermal stress due to the sudden shutdowns. Moreover, the ductility at the tip of the crack had dwindled due to the nitrogen uptake at high temperature, which promoted the crack growth rate. Quantitative microstructural analysis performed at the uncracked and cracked sides of the weld joint showed that the area fraction of HAZ creep cavities were 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively, which were interpreted in turn as the accumulated creep damage level D and E. Finally, it was concluded that the creep cavities alignment and fissuring that took place at HAZ are the main causes of the cracking and failure of the tube.