Abstract
With an objective of understanding the differences in the capacity retention behavior of LiMn 2 O 4 and the cation-substituted LiMn 2 - y M y O 4 (M = Li, Co. and Ni) spinel oxides, the peak broadening in the X-ray diffraction patterns on extracting lithium has been analyzed. An analysis of the LiMn 2 O 4 and LiMn 2 - y M y O 4 samples before and after treating at room temperature with acid or an oxidizing agent (NO 2 BF 4 ) or at 55°C with electrolyte reveals that the LiMn 2 O 4 system experiences a larger amount of microstrain during these treatments (lithium extraction) compared to the LiMn 2 - y M y O 4 systems. Additionally, the two cubic phases formed at lower lithium contents have a larger difference in lattice parameters in Li 1 - x Mn 2 O 4 compared to Li 1 - x Mn 2 - y M y O 4 . The observation of nearly the same amount of manganese dissolution in LiMn 2 O 4 and LiMn 2 - y M y O 4 suggests that the faster capacity fade in the former is due to the development of microstrain and the larger difference in lattice parameters between the two cubic phases.
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