Abstract
The alpine treeline demarcates the temperature-limited upper elevational boundary of the tree life form. However, this treeline does not always occur exclusively as a sharp “line”, outposts of tree groups (OTG) with a height of at least 3 m are often observed in microsites up to several hundred meters beyond the line of continuous forest on some mountains. This suggests that other factors such as microenvironment may play a significant role in compensating for the alpine tree facing growth-limiting low temperature conditions. To test the microenvironment effects, this study compared the differences in growing conditions (climate and soil properties) and ecophysiological performance of Erman’s birch (Betula ermanii Cham.) trees growing in a continuous treeline site (CTL, ~1950 m above sea level, a.s.l.) and OTGs (~2050 m a.s.l.) on Changbai Mountain in northeastern China. The results show the average 2-m air temperature for OTG was slightly lower in the non-growing season than which at the CTL (−10.2 °C < −8.4 °C), there was no difference in growing season air temperature and soil temperature at 10 cm depth between CTL and OTG. The contents of focal soil nutrients in CTL and OTG were similar. Difference in K and Mn contents between sites were detected in leaves, difference in K, Mn, and Zn in shoots. However, comparing similarity of ecophysiological performances at an individual level, trees at CTL and OTG show no significant difference. Our study reveals that mature trees at the CTL and OTG experience generally similar environmental conditions (climate and soil properties) and exhibit similar overall ecophysiological performance (reflected in carbon reserves and nutrients). This might provide insight into how mature trees might be able to survive in areas higher than the continuous treeline, as well as the importance of microclimatic amelioration provided by protective microsites and the trees themselves.
Highlights
The alpine treeline marks the upper limit of the elevational distribution of trees [1,2]
The results show the average 2-m air temperature for OTG was slightly lower in the non-growing season than which at the continuous and abrupt alpine treeline (CTL) (−10.2 ◦ C < −8.4 ◦ C), there was no difference in growing season air temperature and soil temperature at 10 cm depth between CTL and OTG
Our study reveals that mature trees at the CTL and OTG experience generally similar environmental conditions and exhibit similar overall ecophysiological performance
Summary
The alpine treeline marks the upper limit of the elevational distribution of trees (generally defined as 3m or greater in height) [1,2]. The climate at the alpine treeline is commonly characterized by low temperature, high radiation, strong winds, and a short growing season [2]. Of all these adverse factors, low temperature has long been recognized as the fundamental limit to tree growth [1]. The average temperature in the warmest month was initially suggested to explain the elevational position of the alpine treeline in the Alps (calculated as 10 ◦ C), as reviewed by Gehrig-Fasel, et al [3]. According to Körner and Paulsen [5], the position of the global alpine treeline is commonly determined by soil temperature of 6.7 ± 0.8 ◦ C at
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