Microscale Spatial Distribution of Phragmites australis (Common Reed) Invasion into Spartina patens (Salt Hay)-dominated Communities in Brackish Tidal Marsh

Abstract

Over the last century, Phragmites australis (common reed) has been expanding rapidly from the marsh–upland boundary into Spartina patens (salt hay)-dominated high marsh communities of the eastern US coast. Whereas direct and indirect human disturbances and changes in hydrology or salinity are likely to influence rates of spread at the landscape scale, the susceptibility of specific plant communities to invasion also influence rates of Phragmites expansion at the local scale. I measured microscale (0.25 m2) spatial patterns of culms (emerging buds and mature stems) in October 1993 at both expanding and stable boundaries of Phragmites populations within a S. patens-dominant matrix. In both expanding and stable plots, Phragmites culms were observed more frequently than expected on hummocks that were created by S. patens tussock-forming root structure. Culm density within a plot was correlated with the percent hummock cover within a plot. Further, Phragmites culms, particularly mature stems, were concentrated along the perimeter of the hummocks. Because the culms were not evenly distributed between hummocks and hollows, I suggest that invasion rates of Phragmites are limited in S. patens communities by microscale differences in hummock availability. The pattern of emergence suggests that expanding rhizomes of Phragmites encounter both competition with S. patens roots on the hummocks and physiological stressors (salinity, anoxia, sulfide concentrations) in the hollows.