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Abstract
For the sustainable development of aquaculture, vegetable ingredients have been used to replace the traditional ingredients fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds. On the other hand, selective breeding has also been implemented at research level to obtain strains that are adapted to feeding on the plant-based diet. To better understand the underlying mechanisms prompting the adaptation to plant-based diets in fish, we investigated the hepatic expression of several microRNAs (miRNAs) that are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism at 8 h and 16 h after the last meal in two lines of rainbow trout: one selected for better adaptation to plant-based diets and the corresponding control line. Both groups were fed either a fishmeal and fish oil based diet or a 100% plant-based diet. Results showed that the expression of miR-33a in liver was greatly elevated in trout fed the plant-based diet, while the expression of miR-122 and miR-128 was much higher in the selected line at 8 h after the last meal regardless of the diet. Furthermore, our results indicated that some genes involved in immune processes (caspase 6 apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase like 2, casp6l2) and cAMP signal transduction (phosphodiesterase 4B cAMP-specific a, pde4ba) were also potentially regulated by miRNAs. They were newly identified as putative direct targets of miRNAs and affected in trout fed the plant-based diet. Though further investigations are still needed to establish a valid relationship between miRNAs and their target genes, our study found miR-33a, miR-122 and miR-128 as potential candidates for further study and provided new perspectives to understand the role of miRNAs in the selective breeding for adaptation to the plant-based diets.
Highlights
Increasing demand for world fisheries production has resulted in a great expansion of aquaculture over the last decades, accounting for about half of the world global seafood production (FAO, 2016)
Selective breeding in fish for better adaptation to plant-based diet represents a promising future in aquaculture when increasingly more fishmeal and fish oil are replaced by vegetable ingredients in aquafeeds
Recent selective breeding program developed in rainbow trout has proven that individual variability in the ability to survive and grow on the plant-based diet can be effectively used to promote fish production (Le Boucher et al, 2011)
Summary
Increasing demand for world fisheries production has resulted in a great expansion of aquaculture over the last decades, accounting for about half of the world global seafood production (FAO, 2016). Studies have indicated that total replacement of fishmeal and fish oil by the plant-based diets still reduced growth performances and flesh quality (Geay et al, 2011; Panserat et al, 2009). The selective breeding could be the alternative solution to enhance fish adaptation to the plant-based diets and has been well confirmed at a research level. It has been demonstrated that survival rate and mean body weight were improved in the first generation of rainbow trout selected for the ability to adapt to a totally plant-based diet (Le Boucher et al, 2012). The replacement of fishmeal and fish oil by plant ingredients caused great variations in nutrient supply, including the reduction of cholesterol and n-3 LC-PUFA. Cholesterol represents an important component of the membrane to modulate the fluidity and permeability and it is the precursor of many biologically active compounds, including bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D (Goedeke and Fernández-Hernando, 2012)
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