Abstract
The efficacy of macrophage- mediated inflammatory response relies on the coordinated expression of key factors, which expression is finely regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Several studies have provided compelling evidence that microRNAs play pivotal roles in modulating macrophage activation, polarization, tissue infiltration, and resolution of inflammation. In this review, we highlight the essential molecular mechanisms underlying the different phases of inflammation that are targeted by microRNAs to inhibit or accelerate restoration to tissue integrity and homeostasis. We further review the impact of microRNA-dependent regulation of tumor-associated macrophages and the relative implication for tumor biology.
Highlights
Inflammation plays a critical role in host defense to invading microbial pathogens and is essential for the successful repair of tissue damage [1]
Some miRNAs released by cancer cells have been shown to bind to TLR7 and TLR8, inducing a pro-metastatic inflammatory response [39], while miR-328 directly binds to the poly(rC)-binding protein hnRNP E2, which normally interacts with the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) mRNA, causing the release of C/EBPα from hnRNP E2-mediated translational inhibition and the consequent increased expression of C/EBPα expression [40]
Overexpression of miR-720, a miRNA downregulated by M2 stimulation, decreased the expression levels of GATA3 a transcription factor important in M2 macrophage polarization, resulting in the inhibition of M2 polarization
Summary
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Cytokines and Soluble Mediators in Immunity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology. The efficacy of macrophage- mediated inflammatory response relies on the coordinated expression of key factors, which expression is finely regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Several studies have provided compelling evidence that microRNAs play pivotal roles in modulating macrophage activation, polarization, tissue infiltration, and resolution of inflammation. We highlight the essential molecular mechanisms underlying the different phases of inflammation that are targeted by microRNAs to inhibit or accelerate restoration to tissue integrity and homeostasis. We further review the impact of microRNA-dependent regulation of tumor-associated macrophages and the relative implication for tumor biology
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